2025年全球抗生素耐药性监测报告

WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Globalantibiotic resistance surveillancereport 2025 WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025: WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use SurveillanceSystem (GLASS) ISBN 978-92-4-011633-7 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-011634-4 (print version) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be nosuggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo isnot permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent CreativeCommons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along withthe suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is notresponsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding andauthentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediationrules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025: WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistanceand Use Surveillance System (GLASS). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available at https://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, see https://www.who.int/publications/book-orders.To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see https://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such astables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse andto obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dottedand dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsedor recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors andomissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO beliable for damages arising from its use. Contents ForewordAcknowledgementsAbbreviationsGlossarySummary v vi ix x xi 1.Introduction 1.1Global commitments to addressing AMR21.2Global AMR surveillance: a pillar of the AMR response31.3Methodological principles and structure of the report7 2. Progress in global, regional and national AMR surveillance10 2.1Participation in global AMR surveillance, 2016–2023112.2Domains for assessing completeness of AMR surveillance data122.2.1Implementation of national AMR surveillance systems132.2.2AMR surveillance coverage, 2016–2023142.2.3Availability of AMR data by type of infection182.2.4Availability of epidemiological, demographic and clinical information202.3Gaps in completeness of AMR surveillance data20 3.1 AMR in bloodstream infections263.1.1Epidemiology of bloodstream infections263.1.2Global and regional distribution of bloodstream pathogens263.1.3Global estimates of AMR in bloodstream infections293.1.4Regional and national estimates of AMR in bloodstream infections313.1.5Global and regional distribution of drug-resistant bloodstream pathogens363.1.6Clinical considerations37 3.2AMR in gastrointestinal infections383.2.1Epidemiology of gastrointestinal infections383.2.2Global and regional distribution of gastrointestinal pathogens393.2.3Global estimates of AMR in gastrointestinal infections393.