拉丁美洲对治理能力和治理的看法（英）

ECLAC StatisticalBriefings Perceptions of Governability andGovernance in Latin America This edition ofECLAC Statistical Briefingspresents an overview of public perceptionsand opinions regarding multiple dimensions of governability and governancein 18 countries of Latin America. The information spans a period of between twoand three decades ending as recently as 2023, depending on the informationavailable. The overview is based on certain dimensions of governance proposedby the Praia Group on Governance Statistics,1complemented by perceptionindicators that can be used to approximate democratic governability. Contents 1. Equality andnon-discrimination. . . . . . .22. Support for democracyand political trust. . . . . . . .73.Rule of lawand safety. . . . . . . . . . . . .114. Final reflections. . . . . .15 Governance and democratic governability are so closely linked that the linebetween them can be blurry. Governance refers to the capacity to managepublic resources and reconcile the interests of different groups (i.e. quality ofgovernment). Governability refers to the capacity to preside over and maintainpolitical stability, reflecting the sense of legitimacy and consensus surroundinggovernment. Many of the indicators included in this overview can be usedto approximate both governance and governability. Latinobarómetro and the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) werethe main data sources used to produce the indicators in this briefing. They wereselected because they provide data on 18 countries of the region, whereas officialnational statistics only offer information on the few countries that regularly compiledata of this kind. For each indicator, data are presented in two figures: the first shows the longer-term trend in Latin America,and the second shows the latest percentage for each country and the variation relative to a recent base year.Given that each indicator can be influenced by a range of factors and forces, it was decided that a single yearwould not be used as the basis for calculating this variation; rather, the base year in each case is the yearof the most recent significant change in the indicator at the regional level. This approach aims to provide amore detailed view of the most significant recent changes in the indicators. 1.Equality and non-discrimination Throughout the period of analysis, a decisive majority of the Latin American population believed that incomedistribution in their respective countries was unfair (see figure 1). In 2023, according to the simple regionalaverage, 77% of the population held this opinion. Although this figure represents a drop of approximately4 percentage points relative to 2018, it suggests that unequal income distribution remains a problem for thecitizens of the region. In 2023, the figure in both Argentina and Chile was 93%, followed by Peru (86%) and Paraguay (85%).Despite these very high levels, the perception of unfair income distribution has fallen since 2018 in 10 ofthe 16 countries considered, most notably El Salvador (by 46 percentage points), followed by Mexico andthe Dominican Republic with much smaller declines (14 percentage points and 13 percentage points,respectively). In countries where this perception grew, the changes were less pronounced: Ecuador had thelargest increase, with 10 percentage points, followed by Argentina, with 3 (see figure 2). »Figure 2. Latin America (16 countries): perception of unfairness in income distribution,by country, 2023 and variation relative to 2018 (Percentages and percentage points) Figure 3 shows the percentage of the Latin American population who hold the view that their respectivecountries are controlled by powerful groups who govern in their own self-interest, a condition known asState capture. This indicator represents the perception that the political system is neither inclusive nor equitable,as the interests of the most powerful are prioritized over the rest of the population. The perception of State capturehas been considerable throughout the period of analysis, peaking at 82% in 2018. This suggests a clear publicimpression that government decisions are not taken to promote collective good or equal opportunities. As with the perception of unfairness in income distribution, the perception of State capture has fallen since2018 in much of the region. El Salvador again recorded the most substantial decrease (68 percentage points),followed by Brazil, Mexico and the Dominican Republic, which also saw significant declines (35, 30 and20 percentage points, respectively). Despite this, 77% of the regional population in 2023 continued to believethat State capture was present in their respective countries, and in Paraguay and Peru, close to the entirepopulation held this belief (see figure 4). »Figure 4. Latin America (16 countries): perception of State capture, by country,2023 and variation relative to 2018 (Percentages and percentage points) In 2020, according to the simple regional aver