用于支付应用调查的生成式人工智能：人工智能对隐私和技术的看法（英）

Generative AI for surveys onpayment apps: AI views onprivacy and technology by Koji Takahashi and Joon Suk Park Monetary and Economic Department March 2026 JEL classification: M31, C83, C45, D12, L86Keywords: ChatGPT, generative artificial agents, privacyparadox, Westin index, survey, payments BISWorking Papers are written by members of the Monetary and EconomicDepartment of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by othereconomists, and are published by the Bank. The papers are on subjects of topicalinterest and are technical in character. The views expressed in this publication arethose of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the BIS or its membercentral banks. This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). Generative AI for Surveys on Payment Apps: AI Views on Privacy and Technology* Koji Takahashi†Joon Suk Park‡ March 2, 2026 Abstract This study uses ChatGPT to simulate survey responses about payment apps, focusing onprivacy and perceived benefits. By designing prompts that mirror real user characteristics,the generated responses align with findings from a Dutch survey, especially when groupedby privacy concern. Privacy-concerned agents view apps less favorably, while users showmore positive attitudes than non-users, even without such traits in the prompt. However,ChatGPT fails to match the real survey’s response variability and tends to overstate privacyconcerns. These results indicate that generative AI can complement but not replace humansurveys for studying perceptions of payment tools. Keywords: ChatGPT, generative artificial agents, privacy paradox, Westin index, survey,paymentsJEL Classification codes: M31, C83, C45, D12, L86 1Introduction In this decade, we have witnessed the rapid and transformative evolution of artificial intelli-gence (AI). In some specific tasks, researchers report that the AI’s intelligence level has reacheda level comparable to that of human beings (Hendrycks et al. (2020); Choi et al. (2021); Kunget al. (2023); Cornelli et al. (2023)). Not only performing predetermined calculations, a new typeof AI, known as generative AI (GenAI), is able to generate texts, pictures, music, and computercode with minimal task descriptions. A growing number of models and applications of generative AI (GenAI) have been devel-oped by researchers, companies, and various institutions. One potential application of GenAIis as a tool for market surveys. Market surveys require significant costs and time for implemen-tation. In addition, it is not easy to obtain responses from samples that accurately represent thetarget population. Some studies show that responses by GenAI exhibit similar tendencies tothose of human beings in terms of both rationality and irrationality. Moreover, previous studies,including Horton (2023), show that GenAI responds in a manner consistent with theoreticalpredictions, although it has some limitations in reasoning or logical thinking skills (Binz andSchulz (2023); Perez-Cruz and Shin (2024)). In this paper, we apply GenAI as generative agents to survey the usage of payment apps,with a particular focus on perceptions of privacy and benefits. To ensure the validity of surveyresponses generated by GenAI, we compare them with the empirical findings of Brits andJonker (2023), who document that Dutch consumers’ use of financial apps largely reflects arational privacy calculus—carefully weighing perceived benefits against privacy risks ratherthan exhibiting paradoxical behavior. This comparison allows us to evaluate whether GenAIreproduces the main behavioral patterns observed in real survey data.To the best of ourknowledge, this is the first study to apply GenAI to a survey on payment technology. Privacyand data protection take center stage when a new payment technology is introduced (ECB(2023); Li (2023)). However, user perceptions of privacy issues are inherently complex. Previousstudies report that people often have seemingly contradictory attitudes and opinions on privacy,a tendency known as the privacy paradox This has been extensively studied by researchers ineconomics, psychology, and computer science (Williams et al. (2016); Chen et al. (2022); Goldfarband Que (2023)). Therefore, obtaining a deeper understanding of privacy perceptions is essentialfor policy makers to implement regulations surrounding new technologies such as paymentapps. Our study suggests that GenAI has the potential to serve as a complementary tool toconduct surveys by taking into account the complex tendencies of human beings regarding privacy issues.Specifically, GenAI could be used to help researchers brainstorm in orderto create survey questions and conduct simulations of surveys before embarking on surveyswith actual human beings.Using ChatGPT-4o for simulating surveys, first, we find thatgenerative agents’ views on payment app benefits and privacy are similar to actual surveyresults. Privacy-concerned agents view financ