欧洲量子技术未来方向：政策问题分析

An analysis of policy questions This document is a publication by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowl-edge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The con-tents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither theEuropean Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might bemade of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publi-cation for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referencedsource. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, cityor area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Future Directions forQuantum Technology in Europe An analysis of policy questions Contact informationName: Adam M. LewisAddress: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra (VA), ItalyEmail:adam.lewis@ec.europa.euTel.: 0039 0332 785786 EU Science Hubhttps://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/projects-and-activities/quantum-technologies_en JRC141050 EUR 40463 ISSN 1018-5593doi: 10.2760/0209304KJ-01-25-487-EN-CPrintISBN 978-92-68-32281-9PDFISBN 978-92-68-31970-3ISSN 1831-9424doi: 10.2760/0891087KJ-01-25-487-EN-N Lewis, A. M., Scudo, P., Cerutti, I., Travagnin, M. (Fincons SPA) , Marcantonini, C., Ascheri, A., Nardo, M., Di Girolamo, F.E., Zaurino, E., Martinez Cillero, M. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2025 © European Union, 2025 The reuse policy of the European Commission documents is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Unless otherwisenoted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriatecredit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the European Union permission mustbe sought directly from the copyright holders. Cover page illustration: ©Ezume Images/ stock.adobe.com How to cite this report: Lewis, A. M., Scudo, P., Cerutti, I., Travagnin, M., Marcantonini, C. et al., Future Directions forQuantum Technology in Europe - An analysis of policy questions, Publications Office of the European Union,Luxembourg, 2025,https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/0891087, JRC141050. Contents Abstract3Acknowledgements4Authors5Executive summary61Introduction1011Quantum technologies13111Quantum computing and simulation13112Quantum communications15113Quantum sensing1712Report organisation202EU Programmes financing quantum technology2421European Quantum Flagship2622QuantERA2823European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI)2924European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking3025Chips Joint Undertaking (Chips JU)3126Photonics213227European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET)3328European Innovation Council (EIC)3329European Investment Bank (EIB)35210European Defence Fund (EDF)35211European Research Council (ERC) and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) fellowships36212European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Actions36213European Space Agency (ESA)37214Other projects383Economic and financial landscape and scientific output4231EU public funding of quantum technologies in 2014-20244332The EU’s position internationally4733Global landscape of quantum companies4734Innovation and knowledge protection49341Recent trends in quantum patenting50342Openness in patenting collaboration5135Investments52351Private investments52352Public investments5536A skilled workforce for the quantum sector5637Key findings from secondary sources6038Scientific and technical publications62381Publications on quantum key distribution (QKD)62382Publications on post-quantum cryptography63383Publications on quantum computing65 384Publications on quantum sensing663841 Publications on cold atom interferometry663842 Publications on nitrogen vacancies in diamonds673843 Publications on Rydberg atoms674Standardisation and regulation7241Standardisation for quantum technology7342Legislation, cybersecurity, EUCC certification framework7543Trade control755Recommendations for key decisions to be taken826Conclusions88References93List of abbreviations and definitions96List of figures98List of tables99 Acknowledgements Abstract We wish to thank our European Commission colleagues Antonia Mochan, Pierpaolo Malinverni and Fabiana da Pievefor thoroughly reviewing the manuscript, Giacomo Badano for checking the section on quantum co