2025年东南亚地区医疗产品可及性

ACCESS TO MEDICAL PRODUCTSIN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION2025 Access to medical products in the South-East Asia Region 2025 ISBN: 978-92-9022-152-4 © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the workis appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specificorganization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your workunder the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimeralong with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible forthe content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the WorldIntellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.Access to medical products in the South-East Asia Region 2025. New Delhi: World Health Organization, RegionalOffice for South-East Asia; 2025. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercialuse and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images,it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder.The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines forwhich there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommendedby WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietaryproducts are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the publishedmaterial is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and useof the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in India CONTENTS Part I: Access to medical products in the WHO South-East Asia Region...................................1 Spending on health and pharmaceuticals...................................................................................................3Pharmaceutical legislation and regulation..................................................................................................7Intellectual property right.................................................................................................................................9National Medicines Policy.................................................................................................................................10Rational selection of medicines and health products...............................................................................12Financing and procurement.............................................................................................................................15Pricing regulation................................................................................................................................................18Pharmacy workforce...........................................................................................................................................22Rational use and combating antimicrobial resistance..............................................................................23 Part II: Access to non-communicable disease medicines in the WHO South-East Asia Region....28 Overview of NCD medicines.........................