世界卫生组织东南亚地区的慢性呼吸道疾病

Burden, risk factors andservices for preventionand management Chronicrespiratorydiseases in WHO South-East Asia Burden, risk factors andservices for preventionand management Chronic respiratory diseases in WHO South-East Asia: Burden, risk factors and services for prevention and managementISBN: 978-92-9022-149-4 © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGOlicence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided thework is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorsesany specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then youmust license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, youshould add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World HealthOrganization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shallbe the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of theWorld Intellectual Property Organization. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests forcommercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures orimages, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from thecopyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solelywith the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areaor of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps representapproximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, thenames of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, thepublished material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for theinterpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Facts and data pertaining to the Republic of Indonesia are included in this report as the Member State was affiliated to theWorld Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region at the time the report was commissioned and prepared. It is to be notedhere that Indonesia was reassigned to the WHO Western Pacific Region with effect from June 2025 following a resolution tothat effect adopted by the Seventy-eighth World Health Assembly in Geneva in May 2025. Printed in India Contents List of figures.......................................................................................................................................ivList of tables.........................................................................................................................................vForeword.............................................................................................................................................viAcknowledgments.............................................................................................................................. viiAbbreviations and acronyms.............................................................................................................. viiiExecutive summary...............................................................................................................................xBackground......................................................................................................................................... 1Purpose of the review.....................................................................................................................2Overview of the common c