数字贸易监管准备：全球数据库

DIGITAL TRADEREGULATORYREADINESSTRADE, INVESTMENT AND COMPETITIVENESSPublic Disclosure Authorized A Global Database Martín Molinuevo, Nigorakhon Sadikova, Alexandrea Schwind,Lillyana Sophia Daza Jaller TRADE, I NVESTMENT AND C O MPETITIVENESS TRADE, I NVESTMENT AND C O MPETITIVENESS DIGITAL TRADEREGULATORYREADINESS A Global Database Martín Molinuevo, Nigorakhon Sadikova, Alexandrea Schwind,Lillyana Sophia Daza JallerTRADE, INVESTMENT AND COMPETITIVENESS © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpre-tations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank,its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included inthis work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the infor-mation, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, orconclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes and other informationshown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal statusof any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authoredby others does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the con-tent of their works. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination ofits knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as longas full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Pub-lications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625;e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo courtesy of the World Bank Group. All other photos courtesy of ShutterStock.com. TABLEOF CONTENTS Abbreviationsvi Acknowledgements Executive Summary 1. Introduction A.Digital trade and regulation5B.Existing databases8 2. DTRR Regulatory Areas 12 A.Policies and measures covered14i.Regulatory solutions15B.Regulation on electronic transactions16i.Electronic documents17iii.Paperless trade18C.Trust building regulation18i.Online consumer protection18ii.Data protection19iii.Artificial intelligence19iv.Cybersecurity & cybercrime19 D.Platform regulation20i.Cross-border data20ii.Intermediary liability21 3. DTRR Database Methodology24 A.Data collection and review methodology24i.Traceability to its original source25ii.Scope of the data collection25iii.Interpretation26iv.Deviations I: Restrictions on cross-border data flows28v.Deviations II: Paperless Trade and Digital ID28B.Geographical scope29C.Caveats29i.Sub-set of regulation30ii.Legal interpretation31iii.Implementation /de facto Regulation31iii.Different legal systems31v.Presenting regulatory “Readiness” trends: quintiles33D.Next steps33i.Data update and validation33ii.Expansion of data coverage34iii.Uses34iv.Analytical and Quantitative work34v.Feedback35 4. Looking Ahead 36 Bibliography38 Annex I: List of Regulatory Solutions Captured in DTRR Database40 Abbreviations Acknowledgements This study has been prepared by a team of World Bank experts led by MartínMolinuevo (Senior Counsel, ETIRI) and including Nigorakhon Sadikova (ETC,ETIRI), Lillyana Sophia Daza Jaller, Alexandrea Schwind, Joseph Ashraf El-Cass-abgui, Philipp Hlatky, and Prakhar Bhardwaj under the guidance of SebastienDessus (Manager, ETIRI) and Mona Haddad (Director, TIC). The team is highly indebted to Javier López González (OECD), Torbjörn Fredriksson(UNCTAD), Melissa Metz (World Bank) and Adele Barzelay (World Bank) for com-ments as peer reviewers, as well as to Erik van der Marel (ECIPE), Mark Wu (Harvardlaw School), and Andrea Barone (World Bank) for comments in an earlier version ofthis report. The team is grateful to OECD experts Janos Ferencz, Chiara Del Giovane,and Karin Gourdon; UNCTAD expert Thomas Van Giffen; and World Bank colleaguesMartha Martínez Licetti, Natalija Gelvanovska-Garcia, David Satola, Adele Barzelay,Pierre Sauvé, Elena Gasol-Ramos, Tania Begazo, Rocio Sanchez Vigueras, HuntLa Cascia, Cecilia Paradi-Guilford and Rong Chen for their comments and advice atvarious stages of the project. This study benefited from an editorial review by ChrisWellisz and website portal development by Marlon Amorim. The team gratefully acknowledges funding for this activity through the Umbrella