衡量可持续增长的科学和创新

Measuring Scienceand Innovationfor Sustainable Growth This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. ISBN 978-92-64-38851-2 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-86810-6 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-62628-7 (HTML) Photo credits:Image prepared by Yifan Xiao, based on patent diagrams from US 8703330 B2 (PowerGenix Systems Inc.), CA 2750720 A1(Carbon Engineering Ltd.), US 10622495 B2 / EP 3120375 A4 (Specmat Inc.), WO 2016088019 A1 (Saule Technologies), WO 2016037668 A1(SkyTree B.V.), CN 102117855 B (Tongwei Solar), and JP 6056967 B2 (IHI Corporation), illustrating innovations in advanced batteries, solartechnologies, direct air capture, and tidal energy. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword The OECD “Measuring” monographs on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) are internationallyrecognised vehicles for communicating analysis of key and novel aspects of science and innovation. Theyaddress gaps in the provision and use of STI indicatorsand serve as reference documents to drive themeasurement and analysis agenda for better, evidence-based policies, both at OECD and across itsmembers and partners. Past “Measuring” publications have informed theOECD Innovation StrategyandtheOrganisation’s monitoring and recommendations on digital transformation,contributing tomainstreaming these policies across government and providing new foundations for measurement andanalysis. Following this model, this “Measuring” publication aimsto articulatemeasurement concepts and providenew statistical insights on the multidimensional contribution of STI to sustainable growth in the context ofkey energy and green transitions. This goal is also supportedby theDeclaration on TransformativeScience, Technology and Innovation Policies for a Sustainable and Inclusive Future, which was adoptedat the meeting of the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) at the ministeriallevel in April 2024. One of this declaration’s four pillars focused on “Strengthening the evidence base forSTI strategies and policy