富者与贫者：如何弥合机遇鸿沟

To Have and Have Not –How to Bridge the Gapin Opportunities This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Photo credits:Cover © santypan/Shutterstock.com Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword Promoting social mobility, rewarding effort and providing everyonewith an equal opportunity to succeed inlife are fundamental principles of democracy and core values that are shared by all OECD Members. Theyalso constitute keyelements for fostering resilient economic growth, social cohesion and trust ingovernment, asdocumented by the OECD’s longstanding work on thetrends,causes and effects ofinequality.In this context,the landmark 2018 publication A Broken Social Elevator?provided acomprehensive empirical review of the trends and drivers of social mobility across OECD and non-OECDcountries. This review helped identify patterns of social mobility across countries, as well as the barriers–both shared and specific–that they face. It made a strong case for policy interventions to address thesebarriersearly in life, to break the cycle of disadvantage, and throughout the life-cycle to equip people withthe skills and resources needed to adapt to a changing socio-economic and technological landscape.Finally, it outlined an agenda for further research onsocial mobility and equality of opportunity. To Have and Have Not: How to Bridge the Gap in Opportunitiesis the seventh in a series of flagship reportson inequality that started with the publication ofGrowing Unequal?in 2008. It is also the first in this seriesto be released under theOECD Observatory on Social Mobility and Equal Opportunity. The Observatorywas created in 2022 to consolidate the OECD’s efforts to collect evidence, provide analysis and supporteffective policies in these priority areas. The report aims to move the research agenda forward by extendingthe analysis conducted inA Broken Social Elevator?along two lines that are of high relevance to policy. •First of all, the report develops a new measure of inequality of oppor