经合组织数字贸易一体化和开放指数（INDIGO）：截至2025年的政策趋势

The OECD Indexof Digital Trade Integration POLICY TRENDS UP TO 2025 This work was approved and declassified by the Working Party of the Trade Committee on 12/12/2024. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in Please cite this publication as: OECD (2025),The OECD Index of Digital Trade Integration and Openness (INDIGO): Policy Trends up to 2025, OECD Publishing,Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/623087f9-en. Photo credits:Photo credits: Cover © Liu zishan/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid. Table of contents 1 OECD Index of Digital Trade Integration and Openness 2 Global trends Global discussions on digital trade are nascent but growing fastDigital trade provisions in RTAs, while growing, still represent a small share of global digitaltrade integration and openness 3 Country trends International integration and openness vary widely across countries 4 “What if” analysisThe WTO Agreement on E-Commerce will increase digital trade integration and openness References Notes15Annex A. INDIGO-t 202416Annex B. INDIGO-i 202419Annex C. What if? Analysis–Agreement on E-commerce22 FIGURES Figure1.International discussions on issues that matter for digital trade are growingFigure2.Digital trade provisions in RTAs, while growing, still represent a small share of global digital tradeintegration and opennessFigure3.The e-commerce Moratorium represents one quarter of existing global digital trade integrationand opennessFigure4. I NDIGO-t by countryFigure5.Singapore’s INDIGO-t by policy area 1 OECD Index of Digital TradeIntegration and Openness The OECDINDIGO is a summary measure of evolving international discussions and commitments onissues that matter for digital trade across 193 countries,from 2000 to 2024. The INDIGO ranges from zero,no digital trade integration and openness, to one, capturing full digital trade integration and openness with The INDIGO captures both the breadth and depth of international discussions and can therefore beunderstood as a measure of distance to full digital trade integration with all partners. It distinguishes •INDIGO-itracksnon-trade-relatedinternational instruments, including discussions at the UnitedNations, the OECD or Asia-PacificEconomicCommunity (APEC)on issuesthat matter for digital •INDIGO-t focuses on trade-related instruments,including WTO agreements,regional tradeagreements (RTAs), and dedicated digital economy agreements (DEAs). The INDIGO is based on an underlying framework that reflects ongoing and concluded digital trade andrelated discussions, covering 28 specific areas categorised under five broad policy areas: •Enablinge-commerce: Including issues related to electronic transaction frameworks, electronicauthentication and electronic signatures, electronic contracts, electronic invoicing, electronicpayments, digitalising border processes and paperless trading.•Openness and e-commerce: Including customs duties on electronic transmissions, as well asaccess to theinternet, telecommunications, ICT goods and open government data.•Trust and e-commerce: Including online consumer protection, unsolicited commercial electronic By offering a structured and evolving view of digital trade integration, the INDIGO serves as a critical toolfor policymakers, helping identify where progress is being made, where gaps remain, and how countriescan work together to create a more open and seamless global digital economy. At the same time, the Key messages •Global discussions on digital trade are in their early stages but are rapidly gainingmomentum.The world economy is just 8.5% of the way towards what could be consideredfull global digital trade integration and openness. Recent years have seen an increase in the •While bilateral digital trade discussions are expanding, they only represent 10% ofexisting digital trade integration and openness. At present, global digital trade integration •The level of