经合组织2025年化石燃料支持措施清单：政策趋势

December 2025 OECD Inventory of SupportMeasures for Fossil Fuels POLICY TRENDS This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic of Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union Please cite this publication as: OECD (2025),OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2025: Policy Trends, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/6fff0cb7-en. Photo credits:Cover © Thaiview/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in Acknowledgements This report has been drafted by Dylan Bourny and Pauline Avril. Material related to Net Effective CarbonRates has been contributed by Jacob Smith. This report has benefited from helpful inputs by Fernando DeOliveira, Assia Elgouacem, Marion Jansen, KumiKitamori, Przemyslaw Kowalski, Julia Nielson, and Kurt The update of theOECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuelsis a collaborative project betweenthe Environment and the Trade and Agriculture Directorates of the OECD. This update was made possiblethanks to the contributions of Nathan Alan-Lee, Pauline Avril, Neri Barocci, Dylan Bourny, Valentina The update of the OECD Net Effective Carbon Rates is a collaborative project between the Centre of TaxPolicy and Administration and the Trade and Agriculture Directorates of the OECD. This update was made The publication of this booklet has been authorised by Marion Jansen, Director of the Trade and Agriculture The OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels database:https://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/. Comments are welcome and should be sent totad.contact@oecd.org. Table of contents Acknowledgements Key messages 1 The fiscal cost of government support for fossil fuels and incentives fordecarbonisation There is considerable debate about how best to measure support for fossil fuels7Support can be understood in terms of the fiscal cost of support measures…7And through broader decarbonisation incentives, as measured by the Net Effective Carbon Rate8Together these provide a more comprehensive view of policies and incentives related to fossil 2 Key trends in the fiscal cost of support measures for fossil fuels The fiscal cost of government support for fossil fuels continued to decline in 2024 as energysupply costsstabilized Emergency support measures are being phased out12Most of the remaining fiscal cost of support is consumption by households and firms, withtransportation the leading sector14But support for fossil fuel consumption remains largely not targeted at those most in need17And risks distorting markets17 3 Key trends in Net Effective Carbon Rates Progress in the coverage of emissions subject to a positive effective carbon rate has beenlimited 4 Policy implications: Support measures should be better targeted and temporary21 5 Understanding the different approaches to measure the impact of support for fossilfuels The fiscal cost of support measures for fossil fuelsEconomic incentives to decarbonise measured by Net Effective Carbon Rates 2223 References 27 Notes30 FIGURES Figure2.1.The fiscal cost of support for fossil fuels continued to decline from its 2022 peakFigure2.2. The fiscal cost of direct budget transfers dropped by one fifth in 2024Figure2.3.Fossil fuel prices fell slightly in 2024Figure2.4. Emergency support introduced in response to the peak in energy prices is being phased