经合组织主要粮食作物出口限制清单：截至2025年的政策趋势

September 2025 OECD Inventory of ExportRestrictions on Staple Crops POLICY TRENDS UP TO 2025 This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Table of contents 1 International trade and export restrictions on staple crops42 Key trends in the use of export restrictions up to 202563 Implications184 About the OECD Database on Export Restrictions on Staple Crops19References22Notes23Also in this series23 FIGURES Figure2.1.Evolution of export restrictions by commodity and by measure, January 2007 toJune 20257Figure2.2.Composition of export restrictions by measure and by commodity, January 2007 to June 20258Figure2.3.Evolution of export restrictions on maize implemented by AMIS members, January 2007to June 20259Figure2.4.Evolution of export restrictions on rice implemented by AMIS members, January 2007to June 202510Figure2.5.Evolution of export restrictions on soybeans implemented by AMIS members, January 2007to June 202512Figure2.6.Evolution of export restrictions on wheat implemented by AMIS members, January 2007to June 202513Figure2.7.Composition of export restrictions by measureand by commodity, January 2024 to June 202515Figure2.8.Composition of export restrictions introduced between January2024 and June 2025 by measure15Figure2.9.Staple crops targeted by AMIS members, January 2024 to June 202516Figure2.10.Type of export restrictions used by AMIS members, January 2024 to June 202516Figure2.11.Duration of export restrictions by policy and by commodity, January 2024 to June 202517Figure4.1.Share of AMIS members in global exports of maize, rice, soybeans, and wheat in 2022-2419 TABLE Definitions of export restrictive measures20 BOXES Box1.Treatment of export restrictions under WTO rules21Box2.The Agricultural Market Information System21 1International tradeand exportrestrictionson staple crops Key messages •Exportrestrictions on staple crops increased between January 2024 and July 2024,and thendecreased by nearly 50% from August2024toJune 2025.This sharp decline followedaperiodfrom2018onwards which saw anoverallincreasein export restrictions. •The sharp decline coincided with theremoval ofseveral pre-existingexport restrictions bymajor playersand relatively fewer introductions of export restrictions overall. Notably, Indiaremoved its export prohibitions, quotas, taxes, andminimum export prices (MEPs)on rice, thusremoving nearly all its rice-targeted export restrictions with the exception of its licensingrequirements. Argentina endeditsexport quota on maize and removeditsexport tax on rice.Russia removeditsexport taxeson riceandsoybeansandendeditsexport prohibition onwheat. •Approximately 85% of export restrictionson staple cropsbetweenJanuary 2024andJune 2025wereimplementedby four countries: India, Russia, Argentina, and Ukraine. •In the context of a highlyinterdependentglobal economy, monitoringexport restrictions onstaple cropsin a consistent and transparent way is crucial to reducing uncertainty surroundingthese measuresandtohelping market participants and policymakers de