2035年巨型科学愿景：天文学与天体物理学路线图

Astronomy & Astrophysics MEGASCIENCEVISION2 0 3 5 Astronomy & Astrophysics A roadmap prepared bytheIndian Astronomy & Astrophysics CommunitywithIUCAA,Pune andIIA,BengaluruasNodal Scientific Institutions and submitted to CONTENTS Contents1 Preface5 Executive Summary8 1Introduction11 2Leading Astrophysical Questions13 2.1Fundamental Physics132.2Early Universe and Cosmology132.3Galaxy Formation and Large Scale Structure142.4Nearby Galaxies152.5The Milky Way Galaxy152.6The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation172.7Cosmic Chemistry182.8Compact Objects and Black Holes192.9Transients and Time-domain Multi-messenger Astronomy202.10Exoplanetary Science212.11The Sun232.12Solar System Objects24 3 Status of Global R&D Efforts25 3.1UV-Optical-IR253.1.1Ground Based Facilities253.1.2Space Observatories273.2Radio293.3X-rays andɤ-rays303.4Large Sky Surveys313.4.1Ground Based Surveys313.4.2All Sky Surveys from Space323.4.3Surveys for Solar System Objects34 3.5CMBR Experiments343.6Gravitational Wave Observatories353.7Solar Telescopes373.8Computational Astrophysics38 4.1.1The Sun414.1.2Solar System Objects414.1.3Interstellar Medium424.1.4Formation of Stars and Planets434.1.5Stellar Clusters444.1.6Stellar Abundances and Chemodynamics of the Galaxy444.1.7Stellar and Exoplanet Atmospheres454.1.8Galaxy Formation and Evolution464.1.9Large Scale Structure of the Universe474.1.10Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation494.1.11Cosmology and the Early Universe494.1.12Gravitational Lensing504.1.13Time Domain Astronomy514.1.14Compact Objects534.1.15Active Galactic Nuclei554.1.16Gravitational Waves56 4.2Observing Facilities58 4.3Enhancing the Utilisation of Existing Facilities67 5.7.5Virtual Observatories945.7.6Common Facilities for Computational Astrophysics94 6Funding, Management and Evaluation of Projects95 6.1Proposal Phase956.2Funding956.3Management and Evaluation of Projects95 7Industry-Academia Collaboration98 8The Indian A&A Community: Strengths and Future Outlook99 9.1Laboratory Astrophysics1079.2Laboratory Plasma Physics1079.3Nuclear Astrophysics1079.4Astrochemistry1089.5Quantum Enhanced Technology1099.6Data Analytics, Big Data, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence110 10 Summary and Recommendations112 11 References117 Annexures118 Acknowledgements128 PREFACE Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A) is witnessing a major revolution thanks to several internationalwide-field surveys, multi-wavelength space missions and multi-messenger mega projects, and the ever growingcomputational techniques and computing power. The Indian astronomy community is today poised to be a crucial partof the global advancements with its own facilities as well as through participation in some of the internationalendeavours. Vision Documents are important for any community to identify thrust areas and define priorities thatprovide a focused progress in science and technological advancement. While individual organisations have had theirown vision documents, a community-wise exercise for A&A in India was carried out by the Indian Academy ofSciences in the year 2004. It is extremely gratifying to note that several important recommendations mentioned in the2004 document have been well implemented. In December 2020, the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to theGovernment of India formed six Working Groups for preparing Mega Science Vision (MSV) reports for the country insix areas, with Astronomy & Astrophysics being one of them. The mandate, in brief, was: (a) to report the state-of-the-art in the field and make a strength, weakness, opportunities and threat (SWOT) analysis for India in the time windowof 2020–2035, (b) to enunciate the need for continuing and undertaking new Mega Science projects, (c) to examine therelevance of such Mega Science programmes for India's scientific and technological goals, and (d) to suggestappropriate evaluation, funding and management structures for such programmes. While this charge was given to theDrafting Group and the Working Group members, there was a community-wide consultation exercise, reaching out toa very large fraction of theA&Acommunity in India, who actively contributed to developing the document. Modern astronomy in the country can be traced to the setting up of the Madras Observatory in 1786, which later movedto Kodaikanal with the establishment of the Kodaikanal Observatory in 1899. These observatories led to theproduction of “The General Catalogue of 11000 Southern Stars” in 1843, the discovery of the “Evershed Effect” fromKodaikanal in 1909 and participation in the global Carte du Ciel effort by the Nizamiah Observatory (Hyderabad)during 1914–1938. Post-independence, the efforts of renowned observational astronomers such as Vainu Bappu,Govind Swarup, V. Radhakrishnan, Arvind Bhatnagar (to name a few) led to the establishment of (then) state-of-the-art observing facilities in the country. The establishment of the optical observatories in Kavalur and Nainital in t