2024年新兴可持续技术报告

EMERGINGSUSTAINABLETECHNOLOGIES EDITION 2024 EMERGING SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES Edition 2024 KEY AUTHORS:Elodie du Fornel,Elodie Le Cadre Loret,Jan Mertens,Jean-Pierre Keustermans,Céline Denis,Olivier Sala. CO-AUTHORS: Fiona Buckley, Julie Clavreul, Camille Rivière,Stephane Fortin, Pierre Olivier, Anass Berrady,Lionel Nadau, Aurore Castets, Gregor Strugala,Quentin Van Nieuwenhoven, Andreas Wabbes,Marie-Laure Thielens, Daniel Baaklini,Benjamin Metayer, Jean Sanchez, Raphaël Briere,Steve Nardone, Anne Prieur Vernat, Julien Merlin,Bart Ghysels, Ngoc Han Huynh Thi, Jonas Pigeon,Sarah Palhol, Coline Bouzique, Caroline De Zutter,Luca Barbetti, Ali Dastgheib, Cleo Pandelaers,Boudewijn Decrop and Arash Bakhtiari. Graphic design, iconographic research and design of diagrams and illustrations:Agence Gaya (gayacom.fr - studio@gayacom.fr) Emerging Technologies …Converging on the Ocean Oceans and seas cover 70% of the surface of the globe. Not only do they supportintercontinental trade flows, but they are home to incredibly varied marine lifeand provide us with food, energy, recreation and holiday spots. Moreover, morethan 60% of the global population lives within 150 km of the coast. They also help regulate the world’s climate and act as a large long-term carbon sink. Of the nearly 40 gigatons of CO2emitted from fossil fuel use every year, 13 gigatons arecaptured on land and around 9 gigatons by the oceans, leading to a yearly net increase ofaround 18 gigatons of fossil fuel-generated CO2in the atmosphere. Whatever we come up with in our development of novel offshore technologies, we mustnever forget that the need to protect oceans’ vital functions has to be a top priority. The oceans’ potential to yield powerful solutions to the climate challenge has receivedmuch attention over the past year. The insight that the ocean can contribute to the fight against the climate crisis led, (i) inthe US, to the publication[1]of the Ocean Climate Action Plan (OCAP) in the Spring of2023, (ii) a new report[2]by Ocean Energy Europe and IRENA on scaling up investmentsin ocean energy technologies around the same time as a (iii) new roadmap[3]presented bythe IEA-OES (International Energy Agency – Ocean Energy Systems) on how to develop300 GW of Ocean Energy by 2050, published just before the COP 28 in November 2023. The OCAP plan, for example, outlines the ocean climate action needed to meet threegoals: 1Create a carbon-neutral future,2Accelerate nature-based (ocean) solutions to store greenhouse gases andthus reduce the climate threat, and3Enhance community resilience to ocean change For several decades now, the first goal – a carbon-neutral future - has received significantattention. The first part in our document, in which we present emerging offshoretechnologies for energy production and energy storage, relates to that question. Offshore fixed-bottom or floating wind energy can now be considered a mature, scalabletechnology and is therefore not covered in this document. Meanwhile, wave and tidal energy, osmotic power, floating solar, large-scale offshoreenergy storage and other approaches are still in their early phase of development, mainly due to high costs and technical challenges related to harsh conditions at sea comparedto land-based solutions. The second goal consists of conserving and restoring coastal and marine habitats thatnaturally store carbon (“blue carbon”), and of expanding protected areas in the ocean(“marine protected areas”) that can help us respond to climate change. These solutions, also referred to as geo-engineering approaches, have long been subjectto controversy, and even considered by many to be a no-go area. Yet, they have received more attention recently. Without sufficient research into theireffects, both positive and negative, their deployment potential cannot be properlyunderstood. Despite the controversies, nature-based ocean climate action can generate multiplebenefits for the response to climate change, stem the loss of biodiversity, and helpsupport populations and communities, provided it is conducted properly. While several of these technologies were featured in our Emerging SustainableTechnologies 2023 document, in this latest edition we cover how to capture CO2fromthe oceans, in third part. In second part, we focus on the ocean as a resource: e.g., for clean drinking water andas a source of minerals. Ocean and sea water contains many elements of Mendeleev’sTable. This means the oceans could become part of solving the critical raw mineralchallenge generated by the massive requirements of our clean energy technologies(such as photovoltaics, wind turbines and batteries – see ENGIE’s Sustainable EmergingTechnologies 2023 report for details). Research is needed to determine whether we can extract these minerals in an efficientmanner, and to gauge the impact this would have on oceanic biodiversity. This is especially pertinent to deep sea mining, where large aggregates of min