蓝色黑海：扭转污染浪潮：区域海洋污染诊断（英）

Turning the Tide of Pollution Regional Marine Pollution Diagnostics ©2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000;Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The WorldBank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of thedata included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions,or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to usethe information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors,denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply anyjudgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory orthe endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon orwaiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specificallyreserved. References in this report to the European Union legislation, namely the Water Frame-work directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) shall notbe interpreted as imposing any legally binding obligations and operating principles formanaging the marine environment on non-EU member states. The directives’ metricsare referenced solely as benchmarks to discuss good environmental status of marinewaters and protection of resources upon which marine-related economic and socialactivities of the Black Sea countries depend. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encouragesdissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, fornon-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2025.Blueing the Black Sea: Turning theTide of Pollution: Regional Marine Pollution Diagnostics.©World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed toWorld Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. BLUEING THEBLACK SEA: Turning the Tide of Pollution Regional Marine Pollution Diagnostics June 2025 Table of Contents AcknowledgmentsviiAbstractviiiAbbreviations and AcronymsixBrief Summaryxi Executive Summary1 Chapter 1. Introduction13 1.1.What is This Report About?151.2.Scope and Methodology171.3.The Black Sea’s Common Economic Space18 Chapter 2. Legal, Policy, and Institutional Context on Pollution Prevention in the Black Sea 2.1.International Environmental Law232.2.EU Environmental Law242.3.National Transposition and Policy Alignment with EU Marine Protection Policies252.3.1.Bulgaria252.3.2.Georgia262.3.3.Moldova272.3.4.Romania282.3.5.Türkiye292.3.6.Ukraine30 Chapter 3. Environmental Degradation In the Black Sea32 3.1.Nutrient Enrichment/Eutrophication353.2.Chemical Pollution383.2.1. Türkiye383.2.2. Ukraine393.2.3. Georgia393.2.4. Moldova393.3.Heavy Metals403.4.Invasive Species413.4.Microplastics42 Chapter 4. Are the Black Sea Countries on a Path to Achieving Good Environmental Status? 4.1.Country Assessments464.1.1. Türkiye464.1.2. Ukraine474.1.3. Moldova494.1.4. Georgia504.2.Black Sea Circulation Patterns and Movement of Pollution51 4.3.Sectors Contributing to Eutrophication524.3.1. Agriculture524.3.2. Industrial Discharges554.3.3. Municipal Wastewater Discharges574.3.4. Ports and Maritime Transport624.3.5. Atmospheric Depositions634.4.Hot Spots66 Chapter 5. Why Eutrophication Remains an Ongoing Concern?67 5.1.Nutrient Loads from Rivers685.2.Nutrient Loads from Wastewater Discharges715.3.Nutrients from Atmospheric Depositions and Nutrient Exchange in the Istanbul Strait725.4.Total Nutrient Load to the Black Sea72 6.1.Population766.2.Economic Drivers786.2.1. Agriculture786.2.2. Urban Sector796.2.3. Industries796.2.4. Tourism806.3.Socioeconomic Impacts of Pollution80 Chapter 7. Reversing the Black Sea Pollution and Shaping the Future84 7.1.Coordinated Actions Toward Implementation of Regional Frameworks for theProtection of the Black Sea857.2.Short-Term Country Actions for Reducing Nutrient Inputs to the Black Sea867.2.1.Address Legal, Institutional, and Regulatory Shortcomings for the Preventionof Chemical Pollution867.2.2.Strengthen Pollution Monitoring Systems and the Accuracy of Water Quality Data.877.2.3.Reduce Eutrophication Pressures of Nutrients from Inadequate Treatment of UrbanWastewater887.2.4.Prevent Nutrient Pollution from Agriculture in Inland Water Bodies and Coastal Waters887.2.5.Reduce Chemical Loads in Water Bodies and Coastal Waters Through ImprovedIndustrial Compliance8