在异质劳动力市场中重返教育。秘鲁案例

© International Labour Organization 2025Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. See:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The user is allowed to reuse, share (copy and redistrib-ute), adapt (remix, transform and build upon the original work) as detailed in the licence. Theuser must clearly credit the ILO as the source of the material and indicate if changes were madeto the original content. Use of the emblem, name and logo of the ILO is not permitted in con-nection with translations, adaptations or other derivative works.Attribution– The user must indicate if changes were made and must cite the work as follows:Chacaltana, J., Moreno, M.Returns to education in heterogenous labour markets : The case of Peru.ILO Working Paper 147. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2025.© ILO.Translations– In case of a translation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is a translation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This translation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO translation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the translation.Adaptations– In case of an adaptation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is an adaptation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This adaptation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO adaptation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the adaptation.Third-party materials– This Creative Commons licence does not apply to non-ILO copyright ma-terials included in this publication. If the material is attributed to a third party, the user of suchmaterial is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the rights holder and for any claims ofinfringement.Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitra-tion in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on InternationalTrade Law (UNCITRAL). The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a resultof such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute.For details on rights and licensing, contact:rights@ilo.org. For details on ILO publications anddigital products, visit:www.ilo.org/publns.ISBN 9789220423394 (print), ISBN 9789220423387 (web PDF), ISBN 9789220423400 (epub), ISBN9789220423417 (html). ISSN 2708-3438 (print), ISSN 2708-3446 (digital)https://doi.org/10.54394/MQIL6393The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nationspractice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. See:www.ilo.org/disclaimer.The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not nec-essarily reflect the opinions, views or policies of the ILO.Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their en-dorsement by the ILO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or pro-cess is not a sign of disapproval.Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at:www.ilo.org/research-and-publicationsILO Working Papers summarize the results of ILO research in progress, and seek to stimulatediscussion of a range of issues related to the world of work. Comments on this ILO Working Paperare welcome and can be sent tochacaltana@ilo.org.Authorization for publication: Sangheon Lee, Director, Employment Policy DepartmentILO Working Papers can be found at:www.ilo.org/research-and-publications/working-papersSuggested citation:Chacaltana, J., Moreno, M. 2025.Returns to education in heterogenous labour markets : The caseof Peru, ILO Working Paper 147 (Geneva, ILO).https://doi.org/10.54394/MQIL6393 AbstractThis paper examines the private returns to education in the context of heterogeneous labourmarkets, using Peru as a case study. While education is widely considered a key driver of individ-ual earnings and economic growth, its actual returns may be constrained by structural featuresof labour demand. Drawing on nationally representative household survey data from 2016, 2019,and 2022, we estimate Mincerian earnings equations with Heckman selection correction to as-sess how returns to education vary by employment status (employee vs. own account) and sec-tor (formal vs. informal). Our findings confirm significant positive returns to education overall,particularly at the tertiary level. We also find that while