降低投资环境的风险。海湾合作委员会的高影响力外国直接投资政策

The World Government Summit is a global platform dedicated toshaping the future of governments worldwide. Each year, the Summitsets the agenda for the next generation of governments, with a focuson how they can harness innovation and technology to solve universalchallenges facing humanity.The World Government Summit is a knowledge exchange center at theintersection of government, futurism, technology, and innovation. Itfunctions as a thought leadership platform and networking hub forpolicymakers, experts and pioneers in human development.The Summit is a gateway to the future as it functions as the stage foranalysis of future trends, concerns, and opportunities facing humanity.It is also an arena to showcase innovations, best practice, and smartsolutions to inspire creativity to tackle future challenges.AnsweringTomorrow’sQuestions,Today Table of ContentsIntroductionOverview and History of Global FDIOverview and History of FDI in the GCCPromoting a Successful FDI Policy in the GCCExamples of Successful Targeted FDI PoliciesConclusionTopicsThe Historical Context of Global FDIGCC Economic HistoryFactors Impacting Investment in the GCCDubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) - UAECurrent FDI TrendsFDI Historical ContextPolicies to Encourage Sustainable FDIKhalifa Industrial Zone – UAEFDI TypesA New Approach to FDIExisting and Upcoming FDI Initiatives in the GCCRoyal Commission for Al-Jubail and Yanbu (RCJY) – KSAFDI BenefitsImpact of the COVID-19 PandemicConsiderations for FDI Policy Implementation 060816244248091726441018324614203647152338 Introduction Countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)receive low inflows of foreign direct investment(FDI) as a share of gross domestic product (GDP)compared to their global peers. This report exploresthe underlying reasons for this historical trend,examining the countries’ abundance of domesticcapital and the substantial barriers to foreigninvestment that have acted as inhibiting factorsthus far.In recent years, the GCC countries have madean effort to become more attractive to FDI, whichthey have positioned as a central component oftheir economic diversification programs. However,despite extensive efforts, challenges persist.While these vary across the countries, they can begrouped under several common themes: uncertainregulatory landscapes, protective approaches tosome sectors, and an expectation of more patiencewith regards to capital gains than most investorsare accustomed to.We argue that, to attract additional FDI, GCCcountries need to prioritize regulations and policiesthat aim to de-risk investment. Such initiatives aremost effective when deployed as part of a highlytargeted scheme to advance specific economicobjectives. A previous approach – of overarching,unfocused efforts to attract all possible investmentsin all potential sectors – has proved to have limitedbenefits for investors and host countries. The bestway to attract FDI may be to focus on frontiersectors, which are based on emerging technology,generate high growth, and have few incumbentplayers to disrupt. Overviewand Historyof Global FDI The Historical Context of Global FDIHistorically, foreign investment began when capital accumulated in world money centers and exceededdomestic investment opportunities. Foreign investment opened up new ways to generate wealth. The earliestexample was that of the Phoenicians, who traded with the Greeks by sea and established outposts around theEastern Mediterranean to export goods such as wood and textiles. These external outposts became accepted asa permanent presence in foreign countries.A few centuries after the Phoenicians, the Silk Road trading routes were established between the RomanEmpire, the Middle East, and the Pacific Ocean. These remained a key link between Asia and Europe until theMiddle Ages, when maritime transport dominated international trade and investment. Extensive economicrelations also spawned between China and Europe and between China and India.From the early 15th century onwards, European states began to establish permanent colonies in locationsthey had previously only visited for trading purposes. In 1602, the Dutch East India Company, the world’s firstmultinational corporation, was established to pursue commercial activities in Indonesia. Current FDI TrendsGlobal FDI fell by 42 percent in 2020 to approximately$859 billion, from $1.5 trillion in 2019, primarily dueto uncertainty induced by the COVID-19 pandemic.This was the lowest level of FDI since the 1990s andmore than 30 percent below the 2009 level, after theglobal financial crisis.The decline was concentrated in developed countries,where flows dropped by 69 percent to approximately$229 billion. FDI flow into North America decreasedby 46 percent to $166 billion, with cross-bordermergers and acquisitions (M&A) declining by 43percent. Announcements of greenfield investmentprojects also dropped by 29 percent, and projectfinance deals fell 2 percent.The United States recorded a 4