平台经济中的集体谈判和集体行动

collective agreements Authors / Anthony Forsyth, Shae McCrystal © International Labour Organization 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. See:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The user is allowed to reuse, share (copy and redistrib-ute), adapt (remix, transform and build upon the original work) as detailed in the licence. Theuser must clearly credit the ILO as the source of the material and indicate if changes were madeto the original content. Use of the emblem, name and logo of the ILO is not permitted in con-nection with translations, adaptations or other derivative works. Attribution– The user must indicate if changes were made and must cite the work as follows:Forsyth, A., McCrystal, S.Collective bargaining and collective action in the platform economy:: A 2024update of developments in legislation, case law and collective agreements. ILO Working Paper 143.Geneva: International Labour Office, 2025.© ILO. Translations– In case of a translation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is a translation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This translation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO translation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the translation. Adaptations– In case of an adaptation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is an adaptation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This adaptation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO adaptation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the adaptation. Third-party materials– This Creative Commons licence does not apply to non-ILO copyright ma-terials included in this publication. If the material is attributed to a third party, the user of suchmaterial is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the rights holder and for any claims ofinfringement. Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitra-tion in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on InternationalTrade Law (UNCITRAL). The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a resultof such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute. For details on rights and licensing, contact:rights@ilo.org. For details on ILO publications anddigital products, visit:www.ilo.org/publns. ISBN 9789220419878 (print), ISBN 9789220419885 (web PDF), ISBN 9789220419892 (epub), ISBN9789220419908 (html). ISSN 2708-3438 (print), ISSN 2708-3446 (digital) https://doi.org/10.54394/EMDS2473 whatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territoryor of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. See:www.ilo.org/disclaimer. The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not nec-essarily reflect the opinions, views or policies of the ILO. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their en-dorsement by the ILO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or pro-cess is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at:www.ilo.org/research-and-publications ILO Working Papers summarize the results of ILO research in progress, and seek to stimulatediscussion of a range of issues related to the world of work. Comments on this ILO Working Paperare welcome and can be sent toinwork@ilo.org. Authorization for publication: Philippe Marcadent, Chief ILO Working Papers can be found at:www.ilo.org/global/publications/working-papers Suggested citation: Abstract This working paper was prepared in 2024 and reviews developments internationally since 2021relating to the exercise of the right to bargain collectively and the existence of collective agree-ments among workers in the platform economy. The paper builds upon ILO Working Paper80, “Realizing the Opportunities of the Platform Economy through Freedom of Association andCollective Bargaining” by Felix Hadwiger published in September 2022. It provides a descriptiveoverview of research and developments since 2021 in the effective recognition of the right ofplatform workers to bargain collectively and assesses the extent of developments in law andpractice relating to collective bargaining internationally since that time. The paper cites recent collective agreements and other outcomes of collective negotiations cov-ering platform workers. It also explores developments concerning case law, effective recognitionof collective