集体谈判在促进公正过渡中的作用

Authors / Verena Schmidt, Catarina Braga © International Labour Organization 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. See:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The user is allowed to reuse, share (copy and redistrib-ute), adapt (remix, transform and build upon the original work) as detailed in the licence. Theuser must clearly credit the ILO as the source of the material and indicate if changes were madeto the original content. Use of the emblem, name and logo of the ILO is not permitted in con-nection with translations, adaptations or other derivative works. Attribution– The user must indicate if changes were made and must cite the work as follows:Schmidt, V., Braga, C.The role of collective bargaining in promoting just transitions. ILO WorkingPaper 145. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2025.© ILO. Translations– In case of a translation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is a translation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This translation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO translation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the translation. Adaptations– In case of an adaptation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is an adaptation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This adaptation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO adaptation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the adaptation. Third-party materials– This Creative Commons licence does not apply to non-ILO copyright ma-terials included in this publication. If the material is attributed to a third party, the user of suchmaterial is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the rights holder and for any claims ofinfringement. Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitra-tion in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on InternationalTrade Law (UNCITRAL). The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a resultof such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute. For details on rights and licensing, contact:rights@ilo.org. For details on ILO publications anddigital products, visit:www.ilo.org/publns. ISBN 9789220421093 (print), ISBN 9789220421109 (web PDF), ISBN 9789220421116 (epub), ISBN9789220421123 (html). ISSN 2708-3438 (print), ISSN 2708-3446 (digital) https://doi.org/10.54394/OGTS0398 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nationspractice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. See:www.ilo.org/disclaimer. The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not nec-essarily reflect the opinions, views or policies of the ILO. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their en-dorsement by the ILO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or pro-cess is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at:www.ilo.org/research-and-publications ILO Working Papers summarize the results of ILO research in progress, and seek to stimulatediscussion of a range of issues related to the world of work. Comments on this ILO Working Paperare welcome and can be sent toinwork@ilo.org. Authorization for publication: Philippe Marcadent, Chief of Branch ILO Working Papers can be found at:www.ilo.org/research-and-publications/working-papers Suggested citation:Schmidt, V., Braga, C. 2025.The role of collective bargaining in promoting just transitions, ILOWorking Paper 145 (Geneva, ILO).https://doi.org/10.54394/OGTS0398 Abstract This working paper explores the role of collective bargaining in achieving a just transition, drawingon recent literature and a sample of 512 collective agreements. An in-depth study of six countrycase studies from various regions highlights key themes in just transition clauses, namely up-skilling/retraining workers; consultation processes, including on redundancies and early retire-ment; and transitioning workers to greener jobs. The study finds that while many agreements reference just transition, most only contain broad orsymbolic language unlikely to drive meaningful change. However, the case studies also demon-strate that, in some industrialized countries, collect