经合组织经济调查：荷兰2025

July 2025Volume 2025/18 OECD Economic Surveys:Netherlands2025 This work was approved and declassified by the Economic Development and Review Committee on 28/05/2025. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Please cite this publication as:OECD (2025),OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands 2025, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/2dd1f4aa-en. ISBN 978-92-64-90967-0 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-45306-7 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-75489-8 (HTML) OECD Economic SurveysISSN 0376-6438 (print)ISSN 1609-7513 (online) OECD Economic Surveys: NetherlandsISSN 1995-3305 (print)ISSN 1999-0367 (online) Photo credits:Cover © Sean Pavone/Shutterstock.com. Chapter 1 © NaughtyNut/Shutterstock.com.Chapter 2 © Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH/Shutterstock.com. Chapter 3 © Hanneke Wetzer/Shutterstock.com.Chapter 4 © Aerovista Luchtfotografie/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. This Survey is published under the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD,which is charged with the examination of the economic situation and policies of member countries. The economicsituation and policies of the Netherlandswere reviewed by the Committee on22 April2025. The draft report wasthen revised in the light of the discussions and given final approval as the agreed report of the whole Committeeon28 May 2025. The Secretariat’s draft report wasprepared for the Committee by Daniela Glocker and Nicolas Gonne, under thesupervision of Aida Caldera Sánchez. Statistical research assistance was provided by Monica Quinza Armenta,editorial assistance by Gemma Martinez, and communication assistance by François Iglesias. The previous Survey of theNetherlandswas issued in 2023. Information about the latest as well asprevious Surveysand more information about how Surveys are prepared is available athttps://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/economic-surveys.html Table of contents 3 Foreword Executive Summary 1Supporting growth while preserving strong public finances17 1.1. The Dutch economy remains resilient181.2. Financial risks appear contained but warrant continued monitoring271.3. Fiscal adjustments are required to support public finances and growth31References51 2Advancing decarbonisation