经合组织经济调查：波兰2025

February 2025Volume 2025/2 OECD Economic Surveys:Poland2025 This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. ISBN 978-92-64-35739-6 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-37048-7 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-32247-9 (HTML) OECD Economic SurveysISSN 0376-6438 (print)ISSN 1609-7513 (online) OECD Economic Surveys: PolandISSN 1995-3542 (print)ISSN 1999-060X (online) Photo credits:Cover © Mazur Travel/Shutterstock.com. Foreword © TTstudio/Shutterstock.com. Executive summary © Kluciar Ivan/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword This Economic Survey was prepared by Zuzana Smidova and Srdan Tatomir, under the supervision ofSebastian Barnes. Research assistance was provided by Lutecia Daniel, Damien Azzopardi and editorialsupport by Jean-Rémi Bertrand. Annex Awas prepared by Miroslaw Błażej and Marius Górajski ofStatistics Poland. This Survey is published under the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee ofthe OECD. The Committee discussed the draft Survey on 19 November 2024. The cut-off date for dataused in the Survey is 24 January 2025. Information about this and previous Surveys and more information about how Surveys are prepared isavailable athttps://www.oecd.org/en/topics/economic-surveys.html. Table of contents 3 Foreword Basic statistics of Poland, 2024 Executive summary10 1. Supporting the recovery and sustainable growth17The economy has been recovering as high inflation subsides18The financial system has remained stable27A significant budget deficit has emerged29Building a credible and adequate pension system38Ensuring that growth remains inclusive39Main findings and policy recommendations41References42 2. Towards better healthcare Introduction45Improving healthcare coverage and enhancing financial protection48Raising efficiency and improving care51Ensuring an adequate healthcare workforce for the future59Improving health through better treatment and more prevention69Financing better healthcare and expanding long-term care82Policy recommendations88References90 3. Managing the green transition More progress is needed to achieve Poland’s climate objectives95Decarbonising energy production96Grid capacity and permitting times continue to limit renewables expansion9