经合组织经济调查：德国2025

June 2025Volume 2025/15 OECD Economic Surveys:Germany2025 This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Please cite this publication as: ISBN 978-92-64-36113-3 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-61521-2 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-53170-3 (HTML) OECD Economic SurveysISSN 0376-6438 (print)ISSN 1609-7513 (online) OECD Economic Surveys: GermanyISSN 1995-3194 (print)ISSN 1999-0251 (online) Photo credits:Cover © saiko3p/Shutterstock.com.Chapter 1 © Anticiclo/Shutterstock.com.Chapter 2 © Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock.com.Chapter 3 © bbernard/Shutterstock.com.Chapter 4 © saiko3p/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of theOECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of membercountries. The Secretariat’s draft report was prepared for the Committee by Robert Grundke,Enes Sunel, andChristianWittnebenunder the supervision of Mame Fatou Diagne. Researchinputs fromLisa Gerland, RudyVerlhacandMartin Reinhard from the DynEmpteam of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovationas well asCristiana Vitale and Eszter Danitz from the OECD Economics Department are gratefullyacknowledged. Statistical research assistance was provided by Corinne Chanteloup andeditorialassistance by Laura FortinandRobin Houng Lee. Other valuable inputs and comments were received fromthe OECD’s Centre forEntrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, the OECD’s Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, theDirectorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, the Directorate for Education and Skills, the Directorate forEmployment, Labour and Social Affairs, the OECD’s Centre for Skills, the Directorate for Science, Technologyand Innovation and the Directorate for Public Governance. The economic situation and policies of Germany were reviewed by the Committee on 2April2025withparticipation of representatives of the German authorities.The draft report was then revised in light of thediscussions and given final approval as the agreedreport of the whole Committeeon 28 May 2025. The previous Survey of Germany was issued inMay2023. Information about the latest as well asprevious Surveys and more information about how S