从孤独到社会联系：绘制通往健康社会之路

FromlonelinesstosocialconnectionCharting a path to healthiersocietiesReport of the WHO Commission on Social Connection From loneliness to social connection - charting a path to healthiersocieties: report of the WHO Commission onSocial ConnectionISBN 978-92-4-011236-0 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-011237-7 (print version)© World Health Organization 2025Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestionthat WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If youadapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If youcreate a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “Thistranslation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content oraccuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediationrules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/).Suggested citation.From loneliness to social connection - charting a path to healthier societies: report of theWHO Commission on Social Connection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/.Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders.To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright.Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such astables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse andto obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted anddashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsedor recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissionsexcepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication.However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO beliable for damages arising from its use.Cover photo: © WHODesign and layout by Blossom ContentsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsAbbreviationsGlossaryExecutive summaryIntroductionChapter 1Key concepts – social connection, social isolation and loneliness1.1Defining social connection, social isolation and loneliness1.2Differences among cultures1.3Differences along the life courseChapter 2Scale of the problem2.1Measurement instruments2.2Estimates of the prevalence of loneliness,social connection and social isolation2.3Time trendsChapter3Drivers of social isolation and loneliness3.1Factors that may account for the hypothesizedhistorical increase in social disconnection3.2Risk and protective factors for social disconnectionthat apply to the general adult population3.3Risk and protective factors that apply to specific populationsChapter4Impacts of social disconnection, social isolation and loneliness4.1Impacts of social disconnection4.2Protective effects of social connection vviiviiixiixiixv16915172225283954566270828497 Chapter5Advocacy, campaigns, networks and coalitions5.1Advocacy5.2Campaigns5.3Networks and coalitionsChapter6Policies to influence social connection6.1WHO Member States with relevant policies6.2Characteristics, aims and recommendations6.3Interventions cited in policy documents6.4Funding and implementation6.5Monitoring and evaluation of policies, strategies,action plans and advisoriesChapter7Community strategies7.1Social infrastructure