学龄儿童视力和听力筛查：实施手册

Visionandhearingscreeningforschool-agechildren Implementationhandbook Visionandhearingscreeningforschool-agechildren Implementationhandbook Visionandhearingscreeningforschool-agechildren:implementationhandbookISBN978-92-4-010520-1(electronicversion) ISBN978-92-4-010521-8(printversion) ©WorldHealthOrganization2025 Somerightsreserved.ThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0IGOlicence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Underthetermsofthislicence,youmaycopy,redistributeandadapttheworkfornon-commercialpurposes,providedtheworkisappropriatelycited,asindicatedbelow.Inanyuseofthiswork,thereshouldbenosuggestionthatWHOendorsesanyspecificorganization,productsorservices.TheuseoftheWHOlogoisnotpermitted.Ifyouadaptthework,thenyoumustlicenseyourworkunderthesameorequivalentCreativeCommonslicence.Ifyoucreateatranslationofthiswork,youshouldaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththesuggestedcitation:“ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbytheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).WHOisnotresponsibleforthecontentoraccuracyofthistranslation.TheoriginalEnglisheditionshallbethebindingandauthenticedition”. AnymediationrelatingtodisputesarisingunderthelicenceshallbeconductedinaccordancewiththemediationrulesoftheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggestedcitation.Visionandhearingscreeningforschool-agechildren:implementationhandbook.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization;2025.Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication(CIP)data.CIPdataareavailableathttps://iris.who.int/. Sales,rightsandlicensing.TopurchaseWHOpublications,seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders.Tosubmitrequestsforcommercialuseandqueriesonrightsandlicensing,seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-partymaterials.Ifyouwishtoreusematerialfromthisworkthatisattributedtoathirdparty,suchastables,figuresorimages,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightholder.Theriskofclaimsresultingfrominfringementofanythird-party-ownedcomponentintheworkrestssolelywiththeuser. Generaldisclaimers.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofWHOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Dottedanddashedlinesonmapsrepresentapproximateborderlinesforwhichtheremaynotyetbefullagreement. Thementionofspecificcompaniesorofcertainmanufacturers’productsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyWHOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Errorsandomissionsexcepted,thenamesofproprietaryproductsaredistinguishedbyinitialcapitalletters. AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyWHOtoverifytheinformationcontainedinthispublication.However,thepublishedmaterialisbeingdistributedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied.Theresponsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.InnoeventshallWHObeliablefordamagesarisingfromitsuse. DesignandlayoutbyInisCommunication Contents AcknowledgementsvGlossaryviExecutivesummaryvii Introduction1 Background1Purposeanduse2Development3 1.Principlesforsensory(visionandhearing)screeningin school-agechildren5 2.Screeningpathway7 2.1Priortoscreeningday8 2.2Screeningday8 2.3Sensory(visionandhearing)screening9 3.Visionandeyehealthscreening13 3.1Screeningenvironment13 3.2Screeningequipment13 3.3Visionscreening(distancevisualacuity)14 3.4Eyehealthscreening17 3.5Referralcriteria18 4.Hearingandearhealthscreening21 4.1Screeningenvironment21 4.2Screeningequipment21 4.3Conductinghearingscreening22 4.4Conductinganearexamination(externalandotoscopy)25 4.5Referralcriteria29 5.Referralandfollow-up31 5.1Visionandeyehealth31 5.2Hearingandearhealth32 5.3Furthermanagement34 5.4Hearingaidfitting34 5.5Preventingreferrallosses34 6.Monitoringandevaluation37 7.Healthpromotion41 8.Equipmentandhumanresourcerequirements43 8.1Equipmentrequiredforthescreenings43 8.2Humanresources44References46Annex1.Screeningchecklist49Annex2.Consentform55Annex3.Screenform58Annex4.Visionscreeningcharts62Annex5.Follow-upreferrallist68Annex6.Notificationform71Annex7.Tipsforhealthyeyesandears74Annex8.WHOhealthpromotionmaterials78Annex9.Managementofconflictofinterest80 iv Acknowledgements TheVisionandhearingscreeningforschoolagechildren:implementationhandbookistheoutcomeofaconsultativeprocessledbytheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).ItwasdraftedbyCarolinaDerandSowmyaRaowiththecollaborationofMitashaYu,AndreasMueller,StuartKeel,SilvioPaoloMariotti,VeraCarneiroandMelanieAdams,undertheguidanceofShellyChadha,AlarcosCiezaandGuyFones(NoncommunicableDiseases,RehabilitationandDisability,WorldHealthOrganization). Membersofthetechnicalworkinggroupsandexternalreviewerswhocontributedtothedevelopmentandreviewoftheschool-basedhearingscreeningmoduleincludeArunKumarAgarwal(DirectorProfessor(retired),MaulanaAzadMedicalCollege,India);XingkuanBu(MedicalDirectorandProfe