巴拉圭-贫困与公平评估：促进包容性增长和减贫的战略

Paraguay Povertyand Equity Assessment:Strategies to Boost InclusiveGrowth and Poverty Reduction© 2024 International Bank forReconstruction and Development1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.Teléfono: 202-473-1000www.worldbank.orgSome rights reserved.October 2024 This work is a product of World Bank staff with external collaborations. Thefindings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarilyreflectthe opinions of the World Bank,its Executive Directors,or thegovernments they represent. The World Bank does not warrant the accuracyof the information presented in this study. Nothing herein shall constitute or beconsidered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities ofThe World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThis work is available under the Commons Attribution 4.0 IGO LICENSE (CC BY4.0 IGO) https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Under the CreativeCommons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, andadapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the followingconditions: Any and all disputes arising under this license that cannot besettled amicably must be referred to mediation in accordance with the WIPOMediation Rules in force at the time of publication. If the request for mediationis not resolved within forty-five (45) days of such request, either You or theLicensor may, pursuant to a notice of arbitration communicated by reasonablemeans to the other party, refer the dispute to final and binding arbitration to beconducted in accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules in effect at thattime. The arbitral tribunal shall consist of one arbitrator and the language of theproceedings shall be English, unless otherwise agreed. The place of arbitrationmust be where the Licensor has its seat. Arbitration proceedings shall beconducted remotely (e.g., via conference call or written submissions) wherepossible or conducted at the World Bank’s headquarters in Washington, DC.AttributionPlease cite this work as directed: World Bank. (2024). Paraguay Poverty andEquity Assessment: Strategies to Boost Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction.Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0IGO.TranslationsIf you create an adaptation of this work, please include the following disclaimeralong with attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The WorldBank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibilityof the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The WorldBank. ContentsAcknowledgmentsAbbreviationsMethodological noteExecutive summary1.Overview of the challengeSpatial and horizontal disparities prevail despite poverty reduction effortsThe face of poverty in Paraguay: Young, informal, and with low levels of educationBehind and beyond income: Multidimensional poverty, access to services, and assets2.Which factors limit Paraguay´s ability to acceleratepoverty reduction?Levels of human capitalAccess to and creation of quality jobsImpacts of the fiscal system on povertyExposure to climate shocks3.How can Paraguay unlock its potential to foster inclusivegrowth and accelerate poverty reduction?Improving learning outcomes and ensuring equitable opportunities in humancapital accumulationIncreasing access to and availability of quality jobsImproving the progressivity of the tax system and its revenue collection capacityIncreasing resilience to climate shocksAppendix A. Nowcasting poverty in ParaguayReferencesRecomendaciones de política pública: construyendo un Perú más incluyente 91017273031333545556370727376778081 Figures, tables and mapsFigure 1.1. Moderate and extreme poverty were cut in half between 2003 and 2022Figure 1.2.The recent rise in extreme poverty was mainly due to decreasedagricultural labor incomeFigure 1.3.Between 2003 and 2022, poverty reduction in Paraguay wascomparable to that of regional peersFigure 1.4. Economic growth, a key driver of poverty reduction in Paraguay,was accompanied by a shared prosperity premiumFigure 1.5.Per capita household income grew at a higher rate among the poorestFigure 1.6.Nonlabor income played a significant role in reducing inequalityFigure 1.7.Despite poverty reductions, the share of vulnerable populationhas seen an upward trendFigure 1.8.Paraguay has greater vulnerability to poverty than its regional peersFigure 1.9.Poverty rates have decreased in all departments, but large disparitiesacross them remainFigure 1.10. At the department level, vulnerability to poverty mirrors the variationin poverty ratesFigure 1.11.Gender gaps in poverty widen during the school-to-work transitionFigure 1.12.Presence of children in the household increases the risk of povertyFigure 1.13.Profile of the poor in 2022: Young, informal, and with low levelsof educationFigure 1.14.Multidimensional poverty in rural areas is five times higher thanin urban areasFigure 1.15.Deprivations are highest i