哥伦比亚-贫困与公平评估：轨迹-哥伦比亚领土的繁荣与减贫

© 2024, International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-ment / World Bank1818 H Street N.W.Washington D.C. 20433, United States of AmericaTelephone: (202) 473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.orgIn Spanish: www.bancomundial.orgEmail: feedback@worldbank.orgRights ReservedThis volume is a product of the staff of the International Bankfor Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Thefindings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in thisvolume do not necessarily reflect the views of the ExecutiveDirectors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the dataincluded in this publication.Rights and Permissions.The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /The World Bank encourages the dissemination of its work andwill normally grant permission to reproduce portions of thiswork promptly, provided the sources are acknowledged.Concept and Cover DesignCarlos Reyes, Reyes Work StudioInterior Design and TypesettingKilka Diseño Gráfico AcknowledgmentsThis report was prepared by a core team led by María EugeniaDávalos (TTL, ECLPV) under the guidance of Carlos RodriguezCastelan (Practice Manager, ELCPV) and Rafael Muñoz (Pro-gram Leader) and the overall direction of Mark Thomas (Coun-try Director for Colombia) and Peter Siegenthaler (CountryManager for Colombia). Team members who contributed withsubstantial inputs to the development of chapters includeAlfredo Bateman, Ana Arjona, Andres García Suaza, AngelaVega Landaeta, Ellin Ivarsson, Fernando Giuliano, Gisela García,Horacio Alvarez, Ivonne Astrid Moreno, Jeremy Veillard, JuanManuel Monroy, Juan Sebastian Vallejo, Julieth Parra, KarinaAcosta, Marcela Portocarrero, Phoebe Ishak, Sandra Segovia,Sarah Elizabeth Moore, Silvia Alejandra Otero, and TomasMartin.Desiree Gonzalez and Dahiana Merizalde providedadministrative and logistics support throughout the prepara-tion of this work; Maria Clara Ucros and Jairo Bedoya guidedthe dissemination and communication strategy; and CarlosReyes and Patricia Carley provided design and editing services,respectively.The team is grateful for the dialogue with the Nation-al Planning Department, theCentro de Estudios EconómicosRegionales(CEER) of the Central Bank of Colombia, and theGeographic Institute Agustín Codazzi (IGAC) in the prepara-tion of this work and the comments and suggestions received.The team is also grateful for comments from academics fromvarious regions of the country consulted throughout the pro-cess and for the contributions from the peer reviewers: TrangVan Nguyen, Maria Eugenia Genoni, and Maria Laura SanchezPuerta, as well as many other colleagues who took the time toprovide valuable suggestions, including Leonardo Cañon, Sam-uel Freije, Leonardo Iacovone, Jacobus Joost De Hoop, DanielMahler, Hugo Ñopo, and Paula Rossiasco, among others. TABLE OF CONTENTSList of Acronyms..............................................................7Executive Summary........................................................9Chapter 1.Introduction.................................................................... 18Chapter 2.A Falling Yet Unequal Poverty Trend....................22Poverty has recently declined, propelledby a labor market recovery.............................................. 23Not every group has equal opportunities toescape poverty.......................................................................... 25Chapter 3.Increasing Equity in People’s Access toAssets: a Catalyst for Higher Social Mobility.......32Opportunities to accumulate assets areunevenly distributed across groups........................... 33Lower access to productive assets leads tofewer economic opportunities.......................................41Institutions are not fully equipped toeliminate gaps in opportunities, includingterritorial gaps...........................................................................43As a result of unequal access to assets andopportunities, social mobility is low, leadingto a vicious cycle of inequities.......................................46Chapter 4.The Need to Boost the Dynamicsthat Can Reduce Spatial Gaps................................ 50Movement of people is not always in searchof higher incomes.................................................................. 51Distances: some places remain isolated, andclimate-related hazards are bound to amplifydistances......................................................................................54The promise of cities: Cities can offer betteraccess to services but not always higherincomes.........................................................................................56Chapter 5.Charting the Trajectory: a Policy Agenda............ 58Policy Area 1: Investing in increasing access toproductive assets for the poor and poor areas....61Policy Area 2: Improving the institutionalframework.....................................................................................61Annexes....