巴拿马：从增长到繁荣：2024年贫困与公平评估

PANAMAFROM GROWTHTO PROSPERITYPOVERTY AND EQUITY ASSESSMENT 2024 © [2024] International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank1818 H Street NW,Washington, D.C. 20433Telephone: (202) 473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.orgThis document is a product of World Bank staff, with external collaborations.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not neces-sarily reflect the opinions of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or thegovernments they represent.The World Bank does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or validity ofthe information included in this work and does not assume responsibility forany errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information herein, or any lia-bility with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods,processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations,and other information shown on any map in this document do not imply anyjudgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of anyterritory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon orwaiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which arespecifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThe contents of this document are subject to copyright. Because The WorldBank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, and this work may be re-produced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as fullattribution to this work is given.All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be ad-dressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H StreetNW, Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.; fax: +1 (202) 522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.Design and LayoutManthra Comunicación · info@manthra.ec AcknowledgmentsThis report benefited from inputs and comments from public, private, academic, and civilinstitutions, and other multilateral agencies in Panama.We would like to especially thank all the representatives of the Ministry of Economy andFinance (MEF) and the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC), for the specialattention given to this report, access to data, particularly to Hernán Arboleda, Director ofSocio-Economic Analysis of the MEF, Julio Diéguez, Head of the Information and StatisticalAnalysis Department of the MEF, Samuel Moreno, Director of the INEC and Hilda Martínez,Deputy Director of Sociodemographics of the INEC, for responding to our repeated queriesand the clarifications provided on statistical, social, economic, and public policy issues. Wewould also especially like to thank the participants of the two poverty mapping workshops,held in 2024 between January 22nd and January 26th and between April 22nd and April 24th.The poverty maps that were produced in these workshops have been a valuable input forthis report.The report has benefited from a continuous consultation process with different organizations,specifically during the World Bank missions from July 23rd to 28th, 2023, from January 22ndto 26th, 2024 and from April 22nd to 24th, 2024. We are very grateful for the contributionsand inputs that guided and contributed to this report made by MEF, INEC, and the followinginstitutions: Ministry of Environment (MiAmbiente), Ministry of Social Development (MIDES),Ministry of Education (MEDUCA), Ministry of Government (MINGOB), Ministry of Women,Ministry of Labor (MITRADEL), Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Authority (AMPYME),National Institute for Vocational Training and Capacity Building for Human Development(INADEH), Institute for the Training and Utilization of Human Resources (IFARHU), SpecializedTechnical Institute (ITSE), National Competitiveness Center (CNC), National Council of PrivateEnterprise (CONEP), University of Panama, Technological University of Panama, Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank, and the United Nations System in Panama.The team was led by Javier Romero (Economist), under the direction and guidance of CarlosFelipe Jaramillo (Regional Vice President), Michel Kerf (Country Director), Joelle Dehasse(Country Manager), Óscar Calvo González (Regional Director), Carlos Rodríguez Castelán(Practice Manager), and Pedro Rodríguez (Program Leader).Core team members in alphabetical order include Kiyomi E. Cadena (Consultant), SofíaCollante Zárate (Consultant), Angela Rocío López Sánchez (Consultant), Ramiro AlbertoMálaga (Consultant), and Catherine Rodríguez Orgales (Consultant). The team is grateful forthe valuable contributions of Meilyn Gem (Operations Officer) and Janibeth Miranda (SeniorExternal Relations Officer). We would like to thank the members of the World Bank Group’s Global Practices. Sector-spe-cific knowledge, input, contributions, and guidance were provided by the following experts,in alphabetical order: Ana I. Aguilera (Senior Social Development Specialist), Gabriela AlonsoMendieta (Consultant), Mauricio Amaya (Consultant), Marina Bassi (Program Leader, HLCDR),Ricard