世界卫生组织关于预防中低收入国家青少年早孕和不良生殖结果的准则

WHO guideline on preventing early pregnancy and poorreproductive outcomes among adolescents in low- andmiddle-income countriesWebAnnex. Evidence base © World Health Organization 2025Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence (CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;https://Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below.In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. Ifyou adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add thefollowing disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content oraccuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual PropertySuggested citation.Web Annex. Evidence base. In: WHO guideline on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.https://doi.org/10.2471/B09322. Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO.Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/.Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries onThird-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determinewhether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-ownedGeneral disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the partof WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashedlines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similarnature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed withoutwarranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable forThis publication forms part of the WHO guideline entitledWHO guideline on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in low- andmiddle-income countries. It is being made publicly available for transparency purposes and information, in accordance with theWHO handbook for guideline development, creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/).rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright.component in the work rests solely with the user.damages arising from its use.2nd edition (2014). WHO guideline on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in low- and middle-income countriesiiiContentsAbbreviations1.GRADE tables for PICO questions related to child marriage and related outcomesPICO1.1 Interventions to empower girls by building their protective assets and/or promoting positive gender socializationPICO1.2 Interventions to (a) build awareness of and change attitudes and norms about child marriage, the rights of girls, and gender equality amongparents/guardians and/or the broader community, and (b) build gender-equitable attitudes, norms and behaviours among boys and/or menPICO1.3 Incentives: conditional financial incentives, unconditional financial incentives and non-financial incentivesPICO1.4 Interventions to improve the availability and/or quality of educational opportunities for girls and young womenPICO1.5 Interventions to improve the economic empowerment of girls through savings, bundled services, demand-driven job services, childcare services,rural electrification, land rights, microcredit, business management training, networks and mentors and/or integrated services for farmingPICO1.6 Child marriage prevention laws i