2025年全球关键矿产展望

Global Critical MineralsOutlook 2025 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the full spectrum of energyissues including oil, gas and coal supply anddemand, renewable energy technologies,electricity markets, energy efficiency, access toenergy, demand side management and muchmore. Through its work, the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhance the reliability,affordability and sustainability of energy in its 32Member countries,13Association countries andbeyond. IEAMember countries: SpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak Republic TheEuropeanCommissionalso participates in the workof the IEA This publication and any map included herein arewithout prejudice to the status of or sovereigntyover any territory, to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers and boundaries and to thename of any territory, city or area. IEAAssociation countries: ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraine Abstract Criticalminerals,whichareessentialforarangeofenergytechnologies and for the broader economy, have become a majorfocus in global policy and trade discussions. Price volatility, supplychainbottlenecksandgeopoliticalconcernsmaketheregularmonitoring of their supply and demand extremely vital. TheGlobalCriticalMineralsOutlook2025includesadetailedassessment of the latest market and investment trends, along withtheirimplicationsforcriticalmineralssecurity.Asinlastyear’sOutlook,itprovidesasnapshotofrecentindustrydevelopments from 2024 and early 2025 and offers medium- andlong-term projections for the supply and demand of key energyminerals,takingintoaccountthelatestpolicyandtechnologydevelopments. The 2025Outlookalso explores key techno-economic issues suchaspolicymechanisms tosupportdiversification;mineralsupplychainsforemergingbatterytechnologies;recentinnovationsinmining, refining and recycling; and a broader view on strategicmineralsforapplicationsbeyondtheenergysector.Asanewchapter, the report also includes a comprehensive review of mineralmarkets and policy developments in different regions. The report willbe accompanied by an updated version of ourCritical Minerals DataExplorer, an interactive online tool that allows users to explore thelatest IEA projections. 4.Regional snapshot .............................................................................. 258Europe....................................................................................................259North America ........................................................................................263Central and South America....................................................................267China......................................................................................................270Asia (excluding China) ...........................................................................273Australia .................................................................................................277Africa ......................................................................................................280Middle East ............................................................................................283Annex..................................................................................................... 286Key projection results.............................................................................292 Table of contents Executive summary....................................................................................... 5Introduction...................................................................................................111.Market review of 2024 ...........................................................................16Mineral demand, production and price trends ......................................... 17Downstream market trends ..................................................................... 41Investment trends .................................................................................... 60Sustainability performance tracking ........................................................ 722.Outlook for key minerals........................................................................83Outlook overview ..................................................................................... 84Outlook for copper ................................................................................. 101Outlook for lithium.................................................................................. 113Outlook for nickel................................................................................... 126Outlook for cobalt .................................................................................. 139Outlook for graph