关于健康公平的社会决定因素的世界报告

World report onsocial determinantsof health equity World report onsocial determinantsof health equity World report on social determinants of health equity ISBN 978-92-4-010758-8 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-010759-5 (print version) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, providedthe work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHOendorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adaptthe work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create atranslation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translationwas not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of thistranslation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rulesof the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation.World report on social determinants of health equity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.Licence:CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available athttps://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, seehttps://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. Tosubmit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, seehttps://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables,figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtainpermission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-ownedcomponent in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, cityor area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines onmaps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsedor recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissionsexcepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However,the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibilityfor the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arisingfrom its use. Photo credits: Page xv: © Depositphotos.com/ChinaImages, We Animals/Shatabdi Chakrabarti/FIAPO. Page xvii:© WHO/Billy Miaron, WHO/NOOR/Sebastian Liste, WHO/Diego Rodriguez. Page xx: © We Animals/Jo-Anne McArthur,iStock.com/hadynyah. Page xxx: © iStock.com/Carlos Duarte, iStock.com/Khachachart Anontaseeha, iStock.com/Aleksandr Lutcenko. Page 9: © WHO/Yoshi Shimizu, We Animals/Jo-Anne McArthur, We Animals/Resha Juhari. Page 12:© WHO/Sebastian Meyer, WHO/Ahmed Jallanzo, iStock.com/Alexander Shelegov. Page 13: © iStock.com/Kobus Louw,iStock.com/Steve Nimmons, We Animals/Selene Magnolia Gatti. Page 28: © WHO/Yoshi Shimizu, We Animals/MollyCondit/Sinergia Animal, iStock.com/hadynyah. Page 40: © WHO/Yoshi Shimizu, We Animals/Jo-Anne McArthur. Page58: © iStock.com/hadynyah, WHO/Andy Craggs, WHO/Christopher Black. Page 68: © iStock.com/agfit, We Animals/Sabina Diethelm, WHO/NOOR/Sebastian Liste. Page 77: © WHO/Atul Loke/Pano Pictures, WHO/Olinda Silvano, WHO/Yoshi Shimizu. Page 84: © iStock.com/Joel Carillet, WHO. Page 86: © WHO/SRH/Maria Gutu, WHO/Guerchom Ndebo.Page 88: © WHO/Arete/Ismail Taxta, WHO/Sebastian Meyer. Page 96: © We Animals/Nick Schafer Media, WHO/AndyCraggs. Page 99: © WHO/Malika Diagana, WHO/Blink Media - Nikolay Doychinov. Page 102: © WHO/Marie Oleinik,WHO/Yoshi Shimizu. Page 106: © WHO/Enric Catala, Depositphotos.com/Oni_Abimbola, Depositphotos.com/mikolajn.Page 112: © WHO/Andrew Esiebo, iStock.com/Fredography. Page 119: © iStock.com/Rima Das Mukherjee, WHO/YoshiShimizu. Page 122: © WHO, WHO/Christopher Black. Page 125: © WHO/Lindsay