联合国贸易发展委员会-蒙古国科技创新园区：评估和政策问题

Science, technology andinnovation parks developmentin Mongolia Assessment and policy issues Technical cooperation outcome Science, technology andinnovation parks developmentin Mongolia Assessment and policy issues Technical cooperation outcome The fi ndings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and donot necessarily refl ect the views of the United Nations or its offi cials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has been edited externally. Acknowledgements This report was prepared under the UNCTAD Project on Science, Technology and InnovationParks for Sustainable Development: Building expertise in policy and practice in selected Asianand African countries, fi nanced by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Sub-Fundunder the United Nations Peace and Development Fund. The report was prepared under theoverall guidance of Angel Gonzalez Sanz, Head of the Technology, Innovation and KnowledgeDevelopment Branch of UNCTAD. The UNCTAD team was led by Liping Zhang and includedDmitry Plekhanov, Ruslan Rakhmatullin and Yifan Xuan. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the substantive contributions to the report provided bySlavo Radosevic (Professor of Innovation Studies, School of Slavonic and East European Studies,University College London). UNCTAD worked closely with the Department of Science, Technology Integrated Policy, underthe Ministry of Economy and Development of Mongolia, and the report would not have beenpossible without this collaboration. Battogtokh Dorjgotov (Director General, Department ofScience, Technology Integrated Policy, Ministry of Economy and Development, Mongolia) wasthe national focal point for the project. UNCTAD further gratefully acknowledges the valuable contributions of government offi cials,researchers and STI park managers, including incubator managers and individuals whoparticipated in the interviews organized on 22–24 January 2024 in Ulaanbaatar as part of thepreparation of this report. Acknowledgement is also extended to those who completed thequestionnaires distributed in November 2023. Kathleen Morf designed the cover, overall layout and graphics. At UNCTAD, Stanislas Hillen,Shahroo Malik and Dian Zhang provided editorial support, while administrative support wasprovided by Xiahui Xin. Abbreviations AOIsAreas of InnovationCAMComputer-Aided ManufacturingCARECCentral Asia Regional Economic CooperationCSRCorporate Social ResponsibilityECAEurope and Central AsiaEUEuropean UnionFDIForeign Direct InvestmentGDPGross Domestic ProductGERDGross Expenditure on Research and DevelopmentGIIGlobal Innovation IndexIASPInternational Association of Science Parks and Areas of InnovationICTInformation and Communication TechnologyIDsInnovation DistrictsIPRIntellectual Property RightsITPsIndustrial Technology ParksITRIIndustrial Technology Research InstituteKSPKnowledge Sharing ProgramLLsIncubators and Living LabsMSMEsMicro, Small and Medium-Sized EnterprisesNGONon-Governmental OrganizationOISOrganized Innovation SpacesPPPPublic-Private PartnershipPROPublic Research OrganizationsR&DResearch and DevelopmentSBLScience–Business LinkagesSMESmall and Medium-sized EnterprisesSTEMScience, Technology, Engineering and MathematicsSIPsScience and Innovation ParksSTIScience, Technology and InnovationSTPScience and Technology ParkTBITechnology Business IncubatorsUNCTADUnited Nations Trade and DevelopmentVATValue-added taxWIPOWorld Intellectual Property Organization Executive summary This report examines the role of science, technology and innovation (STI) parks in Mongolia asinstruments for economic diversification and technology-driven growth. The economy remainsheavily reliant on natural resources, posing challenges for sustainable development. STI parkshave been introduced as a strategic approach to fostering innovation, supporting entrepreneurshipand strengthening linkages between academia, industry and government. Findings indicate that while Mongolia has established a comprehensive framework to supportSTI-driven growth, challenges persist in funding, commercialization of research and university-industry collaboration. Despite a growing number of university graduates, research anddevelopment investment remains low, business engagement in innovation is weak and high-techmanufacturing is limited. Industrial technology parks seek to enhance value chain capacities butare hindered by inadequate infrastructure. Similarly, science and innovation parks, designed topromote new technology-based industries, face obstacles related to insufficient funding andcommerc