20国集团国家的青年工作：2023年的进展和政策行动

Paper prepared under Brazil’s G20 Presidency (2024)OECDand ILO July 2024 Outline.............................................................................................................................................2Recent labour market developments for young people...............................................................................3Recent policy developments....................................................................................................................7Recent developments in national youth employment strategies..............................................................8Overview of interventions to promote better youth employment outcomes.............................................12Overview of initiatives to improve education and skills of youth.............................................................12Overview of mixed interventions........................................................................................................13Future policy directions.........................................................................................................................13 Keyfindings •Between2014and2023, thepercentageof young people(aged 15-29)who are not in education,employment or training(NEET)hasdecreasedin 15 of the 19 G20 economies for which data is available.Overall, NEET ratesarehigher in the emerging G20economies than in the advanced G20 economies.•10 out of the 19 G20 economies with available data were back on track in 2023 to meet the Antalya goal(i.e., a 15% reduction by 2025).While Korea and South Africa face the considerable challenge of reversingthepre-pandemic trend rise in NEET rates, Argentina and India seem to have overcome this problem and are nowon a trajectory to reducing their NEET rates.•By thefirstquarter of2024, NEET rates had returned to or fallen below their pre-pandemic levels in mostG20 economieswith availablequarterly data.Exceptionsinclude the United Kingdom and South Africa.•Young women are more likely than young men to be NEET, as they often face additional challenges enteringthe labour market and securing good-quality jobs. There has been some narrowing of this gender gap in mostG20 economies, as the decline in NEET rates from 2014 to 2023 has been greater for young women than foryoung men.•Across G20 economies,12%of young people were inactive NEETs,while 5% were unemployed NEETs,indicatingthatmost NEETs in G20 economies are not actively looking for work.However, with the post-pandemic recovery, both the number of inactive and unemployed NEETs has fallen in most G20 countries. Recent labour market developments for young people Young people’s labour market prospects are typically very sensitive to the economic cycle, improving relative toolder workers during economic upturns and declining more in downturns. This pattern was repeated during theCOVID-19 pandemic, and achieving the Antalya goal(i.e., a 15% reductionin NEET ratesby 2025)was challengedbythe economic downturn experienced by the G20 economies. Today, the youth labour markets in advanced G20countries have largely recovered thanks to extensive fiscal responses, whileyouth outcomes inemerging G20economies are more mixed. Despite the overall recovery,someyoung people, in particularyoung women andyoung people with disabilities,experience long-term challenges in their employment and education prospects,herebyincreasinginequalities. Policy options to support youth employment in G20 countries are increasinglyconstrained by reduced fiscal space and high debt levels. Consequently,severalG20 countries face multi-dimensional challenges in reaching the Antalya goal and improving the labour market prospects for all youngpeople in a sustainable manner. From 2014 to 2023, the share of young peopleaged 15-29who are NEET has fallen in 15 of the 19 G20 economiesfor which data is available (Figure 1, PanelA). South Africa remains a notable exception where the NEET rate isstubbornly higher than in 2014, and the highest among G20 economies, standing at 41%in 2023(only a 1-percentage pointlower than2022). More broadly, large differences across countries exist in the share of youngpeople who are NEET. In general, NEET rates tend to be higherin the emerging G20 economies than in theadvanced G20 economies.Between2022and2023, the share of young people who are NEET has increased inonlythreecountries for which data is available, albeit slightly:the United Kingdom (+0.8 percentage points),France(+0.5 percentage points) and Germany (+0.2 percentage points). Progress towards the Antalya goal can be evaluated by comparing the actual decline in the NEET rate in eachG20 economy between 2014 and 2023 with the required decline to reach the Antalya goal (Figure 1, PanelB). Ifthe actual decline is greater than the required decline in absolute value, the country or economy in question is ontrack or ahead of schedule in reaching the goal. Based on this evaluation,8out of the 19 G20 economies