经合组织主要作物出口限制数据库的方法

OECD TECHNICAL PAPER September 2024 This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD Member countries. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereigntyover any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city orarea. This document was drafted by Annelies Deuss. It has benefited from helpful inputs by Olivia Du Bois and MakiKatsube. Attribution 4.0International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you acceptto be bound by the terms of thislicence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Attribution–you must cite the work. Translations–you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancybetween the originalwork and the translation, only the text of original work should be considered valid. Third-party material–the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from thethird party and for any claims of infringement. You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work. Any dispute arising under this licence shall besettled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seatof arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one Table ofContents 1. Introduction32. Overview of the database33. Commodity coverage64. Type of data collected and data recording rules75. How to access and use the data11References17 Annex A. AMIS agricultural commodities: HS4 and HS6 codes for versions HS2007 andHS2012/HS2017/HS202218 Figues Figure1. Share of AMIS members in global exports of maize, rice,soybeans, and wheat in 2020-223Figure2. Visual representation of when single and mixed commodity classes occur7Figure3. Illustration to identify the actual implementation period of a policy that is overwritten by a new policy15 Tables Table1. Definitions of export restrictive measures4Table2. Single and mixed commodity classes currently used6Table3. Selected fields in the database and their descriptions8Table4. Units used for each policy measure10Table5. Illustration of how an elimination of a policy is recorded in the database10Table6. Illustration of a change to an open-ended policy14Table7. Illustration of a change to a policy with a start date and end date15Table8. Illustration of how an elimination of a policy is recorded in the database15Table9. Illustration of how export bans with export quotas are recorded in the database16 Boxes Box1. Treatment of export restrictions under WTO rules4Box2. The Agricultural Market Information System5Box3. The AMIS Policy Database11 1.Introduction TheOECD has developed a database containing information on export restrictions on staple crops from2007 onwards. This database provides detailed information for country-specific analysis and presents theinformation in an aggregate way so as to allow comparisons across countries, measures, and commodities.The structure of the database allows for tracking the evolution of these export restrictions over time. This document explains in detail how this database has been developed and updated. It also explains howthe data have been collected and clarifies how the database can be accessed and used.Should thedatabase be expanded in the future to include more policies, countries or commodities, thisdocumentwillbe revised accordingly. 2.Overview of the database The OECD database on export restrictions on staple crops gathers informationon six export restrictivemeasures:export prohibitions, export quotas, export taxes, licensing requirements, minimum export prices,and restrictionson customs clearance point for exports (Table 1provides definitions for these policymeasures). Most of these export restrictions are prohibited under World Trade Organisation (WTO) ruleswith exceptions that allow their use in certain circumstances (Box 1), except for export taxes,which areallowed under WTO rules. The OECD database does include export taxes since they also restrict exports. The OECD developed this database for the G20 Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) initiative(Box 2). It therefore covers the 28 AMIS members and four AMIS staple crops(wheat, maize, rice, andsoybeans). AMIS members are responsible for the majority of global exports of these staple crops: in 2020-22 they represented 94% of world maize exports, 77% of world rice exports, 95% of worldsoybean exportsand 98% of world wheat exports (Figure 1). Data is gathered from official legal documents, governmen