为未来准备ERTE：新冠肺炎大流行期间西班牙就业保留支持的评估

AN EVALUATION OF JOB RETENTION SUPPORTIN SPAIN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Preparing ERTEfor the Future AN EVALUATION OF JOB RETENTION SUPPORTIN SPAIN DURING THE COVID‑19 PANDEMIC This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-64-68606-9 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-52711-9 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-31906-6 (HTML)ISBN 978-92-64-38449-1 (epub) Photo credits:Cover © Andrii Yalanskyi/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2024 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword This report provides a detailed assessment of job retention support (ERTE) inSpain during the COVID-19crisis. It provides threemajor insights. First, job retention support in Spain has been transformed from alittle used and difficult to access scheme before the COVID-19 crisis to a scheme that can be scaled upquickly in response to a major economic downturn and be phased out easily as economic conditionsrecover. Second, the use of ERTE was stronger in regions, industries and occupations most affected bythe COVID-19 crisis, suggesting support was effectively targeted to firms and workers that needed it most.Third, job retention was highly effective in supporting employment during the COVID-19 crisis. It not onlyprevented a major surge in unemployment but also avoided that the labour market became congested withtoo many job seekers competing for too few job vacancies. The labour market reform ofDecember2021consolidated many of the important changes that made job retention support so successful during theCOVID-19 crisis and in addition introduced a specific mechanism that allows scaling up support in the caseof large adverse shocks. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by a team of analysts in the Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairsof the OECD and external experts led by Alexander Hijzen (Senior Economist, Jobs and Incomes Division).The team consisted of Gabrielle De Haan-Montes (OECD,Chapter2 to 3), Egbert Jongen (LeidenUniversity,Chapter5), Mateo Montenegro (OECD and University of Toulouse,Chapters2to 6), SandraNevoux (OECD,Chapters2to3), Agnes Puymoyen (OECD,Chapters2to 6), Marie-Aurélie Elkurd, HagaiGlebocki and Hanna Varkki (OECD), who provided editorial support and prepared the report for publication.The report was prepared under the leadership of Stefano Scarpetta (OECD, Director of ELS) and MarkPearson (OECD, Deputy-Director of ELS) and supervised by Stephane Carcillo (OECD, Head of the Jobsand Incomes Division). We are grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Laura Romero Valero, Christina RomeroGallardo, FelipeGonzalez de Leon, Belén Vallina González, José Fernandez Albertos, Manuel AngelAlvarez Rodriguez (SpanishMinistry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration), Jonas Fluchtmann(Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs), Marcel Jansen (FEDEA), as well as participantsof the OECD Working Party on Employment in 8-9April 2024. The OECD gratefully acknowledges thefinancial support by the SpanishMinistry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration. Table of contents 3 Foreword Acknowledgements Executive summary8 1 Job rete