葡萄牙、西班牙和荷兰的创新生态系统如何利用新兴技术促进公民参与

OECD Public Governance Reviews How Innovation Ecosystems FosterCitizen Participation Using EmergingTechnologies inPortugal, SpainandtheNetherlands How Innovation EcosystemsFoster Citizen ParticipationUsing EmergingTechnologies in Portugal,Spain and the Netherlands This publication was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can inno way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements inthe West Bank under the terms of international law. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2025),How Innovation Ecosystems Foster Citizen Participation Using Emerging Technologies in Portugal, Spain and theNetherlands, OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/2cb37a30-en. ISBN 978-92-64-75960-2 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-71263-8 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-51856-8 (HTML) OECD Public Governance ReviewsISSN 2219-0406 (print)ISSN 2219-0414 (online) Photo credits:Cover © Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword As governmentsworldwide confront increasingly complex challenges, the effective use of emergingtechnologies has become central to fostering more inclusive, transparent, and participatory democraticprocesses. This study exemplifies the OECD’s commitment to advancing knowledge on how innovationecosystems can catalyse the development and adoption of technologies that enhance citizen participation. Focusing on Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands, thisstudyprovides an in-depth assessment of thesenations’ innovation ecosystems. These ecosystems encompass a network of actors—including publicadministrations, private sector entities, academia, and civil society organisations—that collaborate todevelop technological solutions aimed at achieving shared goals. In the contextof this study, these goalsrevolve around empowering citizens and enhancing participatory governance through technology. The main purpose of thisstudy is to enable public administrations to better understand innovationecosystems and their role in catalysingthedevelopment and use of emerging technologies to improvecitizen participation. Theresearch uses a systemic mapping methodology to examine the dynamics,challenges,andopportun