促进西班牙巴斯克地区的协商民主：托洛萨公民大会的经验教训

Promoting DeliberativeDemocracy in theBasque Country in Spain LESSONS FROM THE TOLOSA CITIZENS’ ASSEMBLY Promoting DeliberativeDemocracy in the BasqueCountry in Spain LESSONS FROM THE TOLOSA CITIZENS’ ASSEMBLY This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. ISBN 978-92-64-40901-9 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-76461-3 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-52254-1 (HTML)ISBN 978-92-64-79953-0 (epub) OECD Public Governance ReviewsISSN 2219-0406 (print)ISSN 2219-0414 (online) Photo credits:Cover © Studio Romantic /Shutterstock.com. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed inthis adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Foreword Citizen participation and deliberation is a core element of an open government and considered by theOECD as a powerful catalyst for driving democracy, public trust, and inclusive growth. Inrecognition of thegrowing demand by OECD Members to acknowledge and promote this role, the OECD Council adoptedthe Recommendation on Open Government in 2017. To date, it remains the first and only internationallyrecognised legal instrument on open government and has guided many countries in the design andimplementation of their open government agendas. Citizen participation and deliberation is widelyrecognised as important avenues to reinforcing democracy and strengthening trust in public institutions,as also highlighted in the OECD Reinforcing Democracy Initiative (“RDI”) and its pillar 2 on “Enhancingrepresentation, participation and openness in public life”. The global landscape for citizen and stakeholder participation is evolving constantly, becoming richer withnew and innovative ways to involve citizens and stakeholders in public decisions. OECD countries arealready implementing a diverse set of participatory mechanisms: from more traditional mechanisms suchas public meetings, in-person consultations, roundtables and workshops, to more innovative approacheslike digital participatory platforms and hackathons. More recently, public authorities from all levels ofgovernment have started experimenting with representative deliberative processes such as citizens’assemblies, councils, and juries where randomly selected citizens are invited to learn, deliberate, andcollectively define informed recommendations to address a concrete public problem. The Basque Country in Spain has a long-standing tradition of collaboration between public authorities andnon-governmental stakeholders and has been implementing diverse participatory practices at all levels ofgovernment.The OECD Open Government Review of Bizkaia published in 2019 provided acomprehensive analysis of Bizkaia’s initiatives regarding transparency, accountability, and participationand how they impact the quality of public service delivery. Gipuzkoa, the first province in Spain that hosteda deliberative process in 1993, is now leading theway in developing more engaging and innovative formsof participation. Arantzazulab,a democracy and governance innovation laboratory that promotes new forms ofcollaborative governance, and public authorities in the Gipuzkoa Province–including the Tolosa CityCouncil and the Provincial Council-embarked on a journey to experiment with democratic innovations toempower citizens and improve public decision making. Whilst the primary objective was to experiment andshowcase the potential of public deliberation, Arantzazulab’s long term vision is to empower citizens,promote collaborative governance in public policy and deepen democracy by institutional