2024年世界贸易报告：贸易与包容性

How to make trade work for all What is the WorldTrade Report? The World Trade Report is an annualpublication that aims to deepenunderstanding about trends in trade,trade policy issues and the multilateraltrading system. What is the 2024Report about? The 2024 World Trade Report exploresthe complex interlinkages between tradeand inclusiveness across and withineconomies, and discusses how tradepolicies need to be complemented byappropriate domestic policies to makethe benefits of trade more inclusive. Find out more Website: www.wto.orgGeneral enquiries: enquiries@wto.orgTel: +41 (0)22 739 51 11 CONTENTS Acknowledgements and Disclaimer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Foreword by the WTO Director-General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Executive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.Globalization has led to income convergence, but some economies have been left behind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.How did the integration of low- and middle-income economies into global markets boostincome convergence?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.Why have some developing economies gained little from globalization?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.Future opportunities for economic convergence lie in strategies to keep trade open andsupported by complementary policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555.Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Chapter C. Trade and inclusiveness within economies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 1.Trade raises overall incomes and reduces poverty without necessarily increasing inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.Most people gain from trade but some suffer losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713.Fairer trade policies and domestic complementary policies are crucial to make trade more inclusive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864.Inclusive trade is set to undergo transformation amid emerging global trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915.Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Chapter D. Inclusive trade and international cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1.Ensuring that the WTO leaves no economy behind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982.Making the WTO and trade more inclusive for people and firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183.Promoting inclusive development through enhanced international cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244.Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Chapter E. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Opinion pieces Landry Signé,“Leveraging trade to foster a more inclusive digital economy in Africa”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Stefanie Walter,“The complex interplay between inequality and attitudes about globalization”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Giovanni Maggi,“Soft rules and the informational role of the WTO”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Emanuel Orn