2022年世界贸易报告：贸易与气候变化

WORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWORLDTRADEClimate change andinternationaltradeREPORT2022 The World Trade Report is anWhatistheWorldTrade Report?annualpublicationthataimstodeepen understanding abouttrendsintrade,tradepolicyissuesandthemultilateraltradingsystem.Whatisthe2022The2022WorldTradeReportReportabout?exploresthecomplexinterlinkagesbetweenclimatechangeandinternationaltrade,revealinghowinternationaltradeandtraderulescancontributetoaddressingclimate change.Find outmoreWebsite:www.wto.orgGeneral enquiries:enquiries@wto.orgTel:+41(0)227395111Cover image:Kamarjani,BangladeshTechnicians travel with their equipment by rickshawto installa solar power system at a rural housebuiltonKharzanirChor,anisland ontheJamunaRiver.Theseislandscomeandgo overaperiodof around 1oto2oyearsandthusconnectingthemtothenatlonal gridisimpractical.However.a programme of rural electrification is being rolled out using solar panels and batteries installedat individual homes.@LaurentWeyl/Argos/PanosPictures CONTENTSContentsAcknowledgements and disclaimer2Abbreviations4Foreword by the WTO Director-General6Key messages8Executive summary9Introduction161.The next great transformation182.Harnessing the transformative power of trade203. Overview of the report23B. The role of trade in adapting to climate change261. Introduction282.Why does climate change adaptation matter?28International trade and trade policy can support climate change adaptation strategies344.International cooperation is essential to assist countries in adapting to climate change395.Conclusion47The trade implications of a low-carbon economy501. Introduction522.Achieving a low-carbon economy is an imperative but faces challenge8523.A low-carbon economy would change trade patterns and provide new trading opportunities574.International cooperation is essential to achieve a low-carbon economy655. Conclusion74D. Carbon pricing and international trade781. Introduction802.Carbon pricing policies can be an important strategy to reduce carbon emissions803.Uncoordinated carbon pricing policies may undermine climate action and lead to trade tensions854.Greater international cooperation is required to advance ambitious carbon pricing policies065.Conclusion94E.The decarbonization of international trade981. Introduction1002. Accounting for carbon emissions originating from international trade is complex1003.International trade affects carbon emissions in multiple ways, both positive and negative1024.Reducing trade-related carbon emissions requires greater international cooperation1065. Conclusion112The contribution of trade in environmental goods and services1161. Introduction1182. There is scope for intensifying trade in environmental goods and services1183.Trade in environmental goods and services can contribute to climate change mitigation1234.The development and deployment of environmental goods and services requiregreater international cooperation1275.Conclusion131Gi.Conclusion134Opinion piecesDanae Kyriakopoulou, "Climate inaction: implications for international trade30Gauri Singh, 'Green hydrogen requires an appetite for action*60Daniel C. Esty, *Trade implications of GHG pricing"92Sophie Punte, *Building momentum for zero-emissions freight movement'110Bibliography1361 WORLD TRADE REPORT 2022AcknowledgementsThe World Trade Report 2022 was prepared underwith Mustapha Sadni Jallab and with support fromthe general responsibility and guidance of AnabelSandra Rossier of the Knowledge and InformationGonzalez and Jean-Marie Paugam, WTO DeputyManagement, Academic Outreach and WTO ChairsDirectors-General, and was coordinated by Jose-Programme Division: Soledad Aguilar (Latin AmericanAntonio Monteiro and Ankai Xu.Faculty of Social Sciences), Osman Gulseven (SultanQaboos University), Nada Hazem, Myriam Ramzy andDirector-GeneralNgoziOkonjo-lweala,ChefdeChahir Zaki (Cairo University), Sufian Jusoh (NationalCabinet Bright Okogu, Yuvan Beejadhur and TrineeshUniversity of Malaysia), Zhang Lei and Jiang YueBiswas from the Office of the Director-General,(University of International Business and Economics),Robert Koopman, former Director of the EconomicThuto Lucy Matobo (National University of Lesotho)Research and Statistics Division, and Aik Hoe Lim,Director of the Trade and Environment Division,and Boopen Seetanah (University of Mauritius).provided valuable advice and guidance.The followingiindividuals from outside the WTOSecretariat also provided useful comments onThe lead authors of the report are Marc Bacchetta,early drafts of the report: Rolando Avendano,Eddy Bekkers, Cosimo Beverelli, Mateo Ferrero,Magnus Benzie, Chad Bown, Paul Brenton, VickyEmmanuelle Ganne, Rainer Lanz, Jose-AntonioChemutai, Brian R. Copeland, Rob Dellink, KlausMonteiro, Roberta Piermartini, Daniel Ramos andDesmet, Yann Duval, Koffi Aseye Makafui Elitcha,Ankai Xu. Other authors are Absar Ali, AntoniaRobert J. R. Elliott, Daniel C. Esty, Marco Fugazza,Carzaniga,SvetlanaChobanova,Lory'snun]lan Douglas Gllson, Christien Gollier, Jean-Ma