国家财富的变化——用红树林建设沿海复原力：自然防洪对国家财富变化的贡献（技术报告）（英）

TECHNICAL REPORTBuilding Coastal Resilience with Mangroves:The Contribution of Natural Flood Defenses to the Changing Wealth of NationsPublic Disclosure Authorized © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The WorldBank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in thiswork and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, orliability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions setforth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work donot imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or theendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as fullattribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625;e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Design and layout: Clarity Global Strategic Communicationswww.clarityglobal.net Acknowledgements Authors: Pelayo Menéndez, UCSC; Michael W. Beck, UCSC; Sheila Abad, Instituto de HidráulicaAmbiental-IH Cantabria; Iñigo J. Losada, Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental-IH Cantabria This report has drawn extensively on previous World Bank valuation work, including that thedevelopment of valuation guidelines for a comprehensive assessment of the coastal protection benefitsderived from these natural assets led by Michael W. Beck and Glenn-Marie Lange and the practicalimplementation at the national level for mangroves in the Philippines and Jamaica (Menendez et al. 2018;Ortega et al. 2019). The authors also acknowledge past support in the development of this work fromThe Nature Conservancy, AXA Research Fund, and the Center for Coastal Climate Resilience. The reportbenefited from the thoughtful guidance and input of Stefanie Onder, Borja Gonzalez Reguero, and AlexisRivera Ballesteros of the World Bank. This technical report was produced as input to the upcoming Changing Wealth of Nations 2024 report.The Changing Wealth of Nations flagship series is produced by the World Bank and provides the mostcomprehensive accounting of the wealth of nations, an in-depth analysis of the evolution of wealth, andpathways to build wealth for the future. The flagship series—and the accompanying global database—firmly establishes comprehensive wealth as a measure of sustainability and a key component of countryanalytics. Each iteration expands the coverage of wealth accounts and improves our understanding ofthe quality of all assets, notably, natural capital. In addition, each report provides a new set of tools andanalysis to help policy makers mainstream wealth and its components into economic analysis and guidedecision-making at the country and global scale. This report received financial support from the Global Program on Sustainability (GPS) trust fund and thePROBLUE trust fund. Executive summary With the escalation of coastal risks caused by stormsand climate change, the demand for coastal defensesison the rise.Global studies using risk models(Beck et al. 2018; Menendez et al. 2020) have shownthat mangroves and coral reefs can provide highlyvaluablecoastal protection services by reducingwaves and storm surges, and acting as a first lineofdefense against flooding and erosion.Thesenatural coastal protection services were includedfor the first time in the 2021 edition of the WorldBank’s The Changing Wealth of Nations (CWON),which covered the changing value of mangroves ascoastal protection assets from 1995–2015. Here, wehave included new data for 2020 on global mangrovedistribution, and assessed current flood risks and thebenefits of mangroves in reducing floods. We alsohave re-analyzed historic flood risk and mangrovebenefits (1995–2020) as there were updates to pastecological (mangrove distributions) and economic(Penn World Table (PWT)) data. distribution of flood damage (risk) and the benefitsof avoided damages (habitat benefits). We assessed flood risk and mangrove benefits in1996, 2010, 2015, an