国家财富的变化：估算红树林生态系统的全球碳储量（英）

Estimating Global Carbon Storage of Mangrove EcosystemsTECHNICAL REPORT © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in thiswork and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; Design and layout: Clarity Global Strategic Communicationswww.clarityglobal.net ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors: Mackenzie Taggart, Lisa Beers, Steve Crooks, Cindy Lebrasse, and Javier Patron(Silvestrum Climate Associates) This report received financial support from the Global Program on Sustainability (GPS) trust fundand the PROBLUE trust fund. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES FIGURES ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1.BACKGROUND1 1.1Introduction1 1.2ReportObjectivesandOutcomes2 2.METHODS AND DATA 3 2.1SelectedGlobalDatasets2.1.1GlobalMangroveWatch 3.RESULTS9 3.1GlobalCarbonStock3.2CarbonStockbyRegion3.3CarbonStockbyIncomeGroup3.4GlobalMangroveChange 4.CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX 1:MeanvaluesforcountriesmissingAGBand/orSOCrastersAPPENDIX 2:Regionalmangrovecarbonstockdata,1996-2020APPENDIX 3:Income-basedcarbonstockdata,1996-2020APPENDIX 4:Mangroveareachange,1996-2020 APPENDIX 5:Percentareachange,1996-2020 TABLES TABLE 2.1:Linkages between IPCC regions, FAO eco zones, and Tier 1 root to shoot ratiosTABLE 2.2:List of datasets used for estimating biomass carbon stockTABLE 2.3:List of datasets used for estimating soil carbon stockTABLE 3.1:Total carbon stock and change in stock (value, %) in MMT of carbon for the top 20 countries FIGURES FIGURE 2.1:Mangrove area change, 1996–2020 FIGURE 3.1:a) Total carbon stock in MMT for all 122 countries with mangrove extent, 2020;b) Percent change total carbon stock for all 122 countries with mangrove extent, 1996–202011 FIGURE 3.2:Mangrove area change and hotspots of change, 1996–2020 FIGURE 3.3:Summary of regions that have lost mangrove area, 1996–2020 (# of countries in brackets) ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AGBAboveground biomassBGBBelowground biomassCO2Carbon dioxideCO2eCarbon dioxide equivalentsCWONChanging Wealth of NationsDOMDead organic matterEEZExclusive economic zoneFAOFood and Agriculture OrganizationGHGGreenhouse gasGMWGlobal Mangrove WatchHaHectaresIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeMMTMillion metric tonnesNDCsNationally Determined ContributionsSARSynthetic aperture radarSOCSoil organic carbontMetric tonnes 1Background 1.1INTRODUCTION rates of organic matter decay and decompositionare extremely slow. Slow decomposition of deadroots and lack of oxygen limit loss of carbon to theatmosphere (as CO2) and deposition of sedimentburiesany carbon-rich material(such as dead Mangroves—andthe ecosystem services theyprovide—are of critical importance on local andglobal scales for biodiversity and humanity (Leal& Spalding 2022; Bunting et al. 2022; Kauffman &Donato 2012; McLeod et al. 2011). Globally, theysustain 4.1 million small-scale fishers (Ermgassenet al. 2021), buffer coastlines against storm surge— Duringthe late 20th century,mangroves cameunder increasing pressure from habitat destructioninthe face of urban expansion(deforestation,coastal squeeze, and pollution; Goldberg et al. 2020;McLeod et al. 2011) and impacts from atmosphericandmarine warming(erosion,drowning out,loss of nursery habitat; Claes et al. 2022; McLeodetal.2011).Since 1980,around 20–35 percent Mangroves are recognized for their ability to storesignificant amounts of carbon despite their relativelysmall geographic extent compared with terrestrialecosystems. As an ecosystem service, carbon storagecan have profound impacts on local economies, both Theclimate mitigation potential of mangroveecosystemsthrough the removal and storageofcarbon has prompted strong interest in thedevelopment of policies and tools to protect, restore,and even enhance mangroves’ natural carbon stocks(Friess et al. 2019; Sanderman et al. 2018; Howard etal. 2017). Developing such policies has increasingly especially nat