2021年亚太地区国际比较项目：购买力平价与实际支出——总结报告

APRIL 2024AUGUST 2024 PURCHASING POWER PARITIESAND REAL EXPENDITURES2021 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONPROGRAM FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC A SUMMARY REPORT AUGUST 2024 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2024 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2024. ISBN 978-92-9270-846-7 (print); 978-92-9270-847-4 (PDF); 978-92-9270-848-1 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TCS240393-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS240393-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars, “ ” refers to Indian rupees, “B” refers to baht, “CNY” refers toyuan, “HK$” refers to Hong Kong dollars, “Rp” refers to rupiah, “S$” refers to Singapore dollars, and “Tk” refers to taka.ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China, and “Hong Kong” as Hong Kong, China. On the cover: From left to right —Women buying their daily supplies at Tekka Market in Little India. Although Singaporehas a more progressive society, housekeeping remains mostly a female responsibility (photo by Lester Ledesma, ADB).Fruit Seller in Bangladesh.A vendor is busy selling a variety of fruits at a market in Bangladesh (photo by Eric Sales, ADB). Cover design by Rhommel Rico. Contents Tables, Figures, and BoxesForewordAcknowledgmentsAbbreviations 1Introduction to the International Comparison Program in Asia and the Pacific12021 International Comparison Program in Asia and the Pacific2Participating Economies in Asia and the Pacific2Structure of the Report3 2Macroeconomic Measures and Intereconomy Comparisons4International Comparisons: Exchange Rates or Purchasing Power Parities?4Exchange Rates: Why Are They Inappropriate?5Purchasing Power Parities of Currencies5Purchasing Power Parities and Price Levels7Nominal and Real Expenditures7Uses and Applications of Purchasing Power Parities9 3Summary Results from the 2021 International Comparison Program in Asia and the Pacific11Gross Domestic Product: Size and Shares of Economies of the Asia and Pacific Region13Per Capita Real Gross Domestic Product and Standards of Living16Purchasing Power Parities and Price Levels of Economies for Gross Domestic Product19in Asia and the PacificHousehold Final Consumption Expenditure21Per Capita Income and Household Expenditure21Per Capita Expenditures for Selected Aggregates24General Government Final Consumption Expenditure25Gross Fixed Capital Formation28Price Level Indexes for Gross Domestic Products and Its Major Components32 4Comparative Analysis of Results from 2017 and 2021 International Comparison Program34in Asia and the PacificRevisions to the 2017 International Comparison Program in Asia and the Pacific34 Consistency between the 2017 and 2021 Results35Size and Relative Shares of Economies, 2017 and 202138Interpreting and Decomposing Changes in the Size (Real) of Economies in Asia and the Pacific39 Governance and Structure43Methodology for the International Comparison Program in Asia and the Pacific45Survey Framework49Data Editing and Validation49New Approach for Housing Comparisons in Asia and the Pacific50Aggregation of Price Data and C