大雅加达空气质量管理的成本效益解决方案

© 2026 The World Bank Group Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Groupwith external contributions. “The World Bank Group” refers tothe legally separate organizations of the International Bankfor Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the Internation-al Development Association (IDA), the International FinanceCorporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment GuaranteeAgency (MIGA). The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy, reli-ability, or completeness of the content included in this work, orthe conclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts noresponsibility or liability for any omissions or errors (including,without limitation, typographical errors and technical errors) inthe content whatsoever or for reliance thereon. The boundaries,colors, denominations, and other information shown on any mapin this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the WorldBank Groupconcerning the legal status of any territory or theendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do notnecessarily reflect the views of the organizations of the WorldBank Group, their respective Boards of Executive Directors, andthe governments they represent. The contents of this work are intended for general informa-tional purposes only and are not intended to constitute legal,securities, or investment advice, an opinion regarding the ap-propriateness of any investment, or a solicitation of any type.Some of the organizations of the World Bank Group or theiraffiliates may have an investment in, provide other advice orservices to, or otherwise have a financial interest in, certain ofthe companies and parties named herein. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered tobe a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunitiesof any of the organizations of The World Bank Group, all of whichare specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions—The material in this work is subjectto copyright. Because The World Bank Group encourages dis-semination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, inwhole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as fullattribution to this work is given and all further permissions thatmay berequired for suchuse (as noted herein) are acquired. TheWorld Bank Group does not warrant that the content containedin this work will not infringe on the rights of third parties andaccepts no responsibility or liability in this regard. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “The World Bank.2026. Clearing the Air in Greater Jakarta: Cost-Effective Solu-tions for Air Quality Management – Executive Summary. Wash-ington, DC: The World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The WorldBank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. 2026 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Economist) as well as input from William Seitz (SeniorEconomist), Ririn Salwa Purnamasari (Senior Economist),Imam Setiawan (Economist), Jackie Shen Jiang (SeniorPublic-Private Partnerships Specialist), Nupur Gupta (Se-nior Urban Transport Specialist), Luis Miguel Jan (SeniorUrban Development Specialist), Muchsin Chasani (SeniorEnergy Specialist), and Puguh Imanto (Energy Specialist)of the World Bank. Rizky Fitriany (Team Assistant) provid-ed valuable administrative assistance. his advisory paper is an output of theWorld Bank’s Programmatic AdvisoryServices and Analytics (PASA) Programfor Pollution Control and EnvironmentalManagement in Indonesia. It was pre-pared in response to the Government ofIndonesia’s request for support in devel-oping an Air Quality Management (AQM)program for the Greater Jakarta area. This paper was prepared by Jian Xie (Senior Environ-mental Specialist), Kian Siong (Senior EnvironmentalSpecialist), Josephine Febriyanti (Environmental AnalystConsultant), Marissa Malahayati (Environmental Econo-mist), David Kaczan (Senior Economist), Hafidz Abdillah(Environmental Analyst Consultant), Puji Lestari (SeniorAQM Specialist Consultant), and Kania Dewi (Senior AQMSpecialist Consultant). It was developed under the guid-ance and support of Carolyn Turk (Division Director forIndonesia and Timor Leste), Anne Jeanette Glauber (Prac-tice Manager) and Christophe Crepin (Practice Manager)at the World Bank. The paper was edited by Zubair Qamarand Dementra Aposporos. Design by Muhammad Kamal. The authors thank staff at the Ministry of Environment, Min-istry of Industry, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,Coordinating Ministry of Infrastructure, and CoordinatingMinistry of Economic Affair, as well as the Jakarta ProvincialPlanning Agency, Environment Agency, and TransportationAgency, for feedback and support. All omissions and errorsremain the responsibility of the authors. The paper is financially supported by the Korea GreenGrowth Trust Fund (