全球关键矿物展望2026

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Slovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States IndonesiaKenyaMoroccoNigeriaSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraineViet Nam The IEA examines the full spectrum ofenergy issues including oil, gas and coalsupply and demand, renewable energytechnologies, electricity markets, energyefficiency, access to energy, demandside management and much more.Through its work, the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhance the reliability,affordability and sustainability of energyin its 32Member countries,14Association countries and beyond. IEAMember countries:Australia AustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugal The European Commissionalsoparticipatesinthe work ofthe IEA This publication, as well as any dataand map included herein,are withoutprejudice to the status of or sovereigntyover any territory, to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers and boundariesand to the name of any territory, city orarea. IEAAccession countries: BrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaIsraelRomania IEAAssociation countries: ArgentinaChinaEgyptIndia Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract Criticalminerals have rapidly moved to the heart of globaldiscussions on energy and economic security. Their indispensablerole across several energy technologies as well as other industries ofstrategic importance such as high-tech manufacturing, AI and digitalsystems, and aerospace and defence, have underlined the need toenhance the resilience and diversity of their supply chains. The 2026 edition of the IEA’s annual Global Critical Minerals Outlookincludes a detailed assessment of the latest market, investment andtechnology trends, along with their implications for critical mineralsecurity.The report provides a snapshot of recent industrydevelopments and offers medium- and long-term projections for thesupply and demand of key energy minerals, taking into account thelatest policy and technology developments. This year's report willalso include several areas of special focus: strategic minor mineralswith applications beyond energy, nuclear supply chains and the roleof Latin America in global mineral supply chains. As countries increasingly call on the IEA to deepen its work on criticalmineral security and supply chain diversification – as reflected in thedeclaration by IEA Ministers and G7 leaders – the 2026Outlookwillinclude a new chapter examining the policy implications of buildingresilientand diversified supply chains,including emergencypreparedness,policy and market frameworks,and technology,equipment and workforce issues. Technology, equipment and workforce ..................................................2834. Special focus on Latin America and the Caribbean .............................. 305Annex......................................................................................................... 336Acknowledgements ................................................................................337Key projection results.............................................................................346 Table of contents Executive summary........................................................................................5Introduction ..................................................................................................141. Market review...........................................................................................19Mineral market trends.............................................................................. 20Geopolitical developments and implications for supply security ............. 38Downstream market trends ..................................................................... 58Investment trends .................................................................................... 75Latest policy developments ..................................................................... 91Sustainability performance tracking ........................................................ 962. Outlook for key minerals: Part 1.............................................................108Outlook overview ................................................................................... 109Outlook for copper ................................................................................. 124Outlook for lithium.................................................................................. 138Outlook for nickel................................................................................... 147Outlook for cobalt .................................................................................. 155Outlook for graphite ............................................................................... 163Outlook for rare earth elements............................................................. 174Other