服务贸易防控与缓解塑料污染技术合作成果

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Acknowledgements This study was prepared by the Division on International Trade and Commodities of UN TradeandDevelopment (UNCTAD) under the supervision and guidance of Chantal Line Carpentier.DavidVivas-Eugui and Henrique Pacini led the UNCTAD study team, with substantivecontributionsfrom Diana Barrowclough and additional inputs from Maria Durleva, Glen Wilson,Dong Wu andBruno Antunes. The study also benefited from close collaboration with theUNCTAD Sustainable Ocean and Blue Economy Programme. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the substantive contributions of Iryna Payosova and TetyanaPayosova, with valuable inputs from Christophe Bellmann and Katja Spur, as well as from DanielRamos (World Trade Organization). The study was prepared under the Sustainable Manufacturing and Environmental Pollution(SMEP) Programme, funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and implemented in partnership withUNCTAD. Desktop formatting was undertaken by Lia Tostes. Acronyms APECAsia-Pacific Economic CooperationCPCCentral Product Classification (United Nations)GATSGeneral Agreement on Trade in Services (WTO)GDPgross domestic productODAofficial development assistanceOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentO&Moperation and maintenanceR&Dresearch and developmentRTAregional trade agreementSTRIServices Trade Restrictiveness IndexUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNSDUnited Nations Statistics DivisionWTOWorld Trade Organization Table of contents Executive summary..............................................................................9 Chapter I Introduction.....................................................................................15 1.1 Essential services for the prevention and mitigation of plasticpollution.........................................................................................181.1.1 Core and auxiliary services..........................................................181.2 Services by stages of the plastic value chain............................20 Chapter II Cluster-based classification of services:prevention andmitigation of plastic pollution along the plastics value chain.....27 Chapter III Addressing data limitations on trade in services.........................353.1 Modes of services supply..........................................................43 Chapter IV Barriers and potential solutions to trade in services:facilitatingaccess and availability along the plastics value chain.................45 4.1 Facilitating targeted and sequenced liberalization....................484.2 Enabling domestic regulatory reform and cooperation..............484.3 Stimulating demand through green procurement......................494.4 Responding to financial and investment needs.........................49 Chapter V Key findings and recommendations.............................................53 5.1 Key findings..............................................................................555.2 Policy considerations................................................................57 References......................................................................................57 Annex I Proposed cluster-based classification of services relevant forthe prevention and mitigation of plastic pollution under avalue chain approach.....................................................................61 Annex II Comparison of the coverage of selected relevant services inkey international classification systems.......................................64 Executivesummary Executive summary Services are a critical and under-recognised component ofthe international response to plastic pollution. Across theplastics value chain, from product design to waste managementand environmental recovery, access to the right servicesdetermines whether plastic pollution is prevented, managed orcompounded. Yet services relevant to plastic pollution preventionand mitigation remain largely invisible in international tradestatistics, dispersed across broad categories with no dedicatedclassification. Governments cannot measure them, negotiateover them or target investment toward them with precision. This study addresses that gap by proposinga cluster-based classification covering19 service types and 71 individual codesunder th