行业机遇与挑战：发展中国家的塑料替代及技术合作成果

Sectoral opportunities and challenges Technical cooperation outcome The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any fi rm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the UnitedNations. This publication has not been formally edited. Acknowledgements The research for this document was conducted under the supervision of Henrique Pacini, DavidVivas and Glen Wilson and overall responsibility of Chantal Line Carpentier of the Division onInternational Trade and Commodities of UNCTAD. UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the contributions to this study of Atiq Zaman, Ana MariaCaceres Ruiz, Benjamin Gazeau and Kate Ringvall from Curtin University, along with AlessandroSanches Pereira from Instituto 17, as part of a research initiative with the SustainableManufacturing and Environmental Pollution and the Ocean Economy and Fisheries Programmeof UNCTAD. UNCTAD further gratefully acknowledges the following individuals and organizations for theirsupport in providing information and feedback on the study: David Ongare (National EnvironmentalManagement Authority – Kenya), Emma Algotsson (Catchgreen), John Adams Carreon (PacificCommunity – SPC), Anthony Talouli, Joshua Sam and Julie Pillet (South Pacific RegionalEnvironment Programme – SPREP), Simon Derrick (Blue Skies), Suzan Yemidi (COCO360), AminHosseinian Far (University of Northampton), Giulia Carcasci (Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations – FAO), Vincent Ojijo (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – CSIR)and Karen Raubenheimer (University of Wollongong). The document was proofread by MargaretGollagher and Lalen Lleander. This study was produced under the Sustainable Manufacturing and Environmental PollutionProgramme, funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and implemented in partnership with UNCTAD. Desktop formatting was carried out by Lia Tostes and Rafe Dent of UNCTAD. Abbreviations AFSagroforestry systemALDFGabandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gearBDMbiodegradable mulch filmsCAconservation agricultureCSAclimate-smart agricultureCSIRCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchEMFEllen MacArthur FoundationFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsGDPgross domestic productGGGIGlobal Green Growth InstituteGHGsgreenhouse gas emissionsHSharmonized systemLDPElow-density polyethyleneMENRMinistry of Environment and Natural ResourcesMFNmost-favoured-nationNEMANational Environment Management Authority, KenyaPBATpolybutylene adipate-co-terephthalatePEpolyethylenePOPpersistent organic pollutantPOPRCPersistent Organic Pollutants Review CommitteePVCpolyvinyl chlorideRCArevealed comparative advantageRPRresidue-to-product ratioSMEPSustainable Manufacturing and Environmental Pollution ProgrammeSOMsoil organic matterUNCTADUN Trade and Development Table of contents Executive summary........................................................................... 1 Chapter I Introduction ....................................................................................... 7Alternatives versus substitutes in plastics....................................... 10Methodological structure and case studies .................................... 11Plastic substitutions through the lens of the waste hierarchy ................12 Chapter II Packaging for food exports............................................................ 13 Packaging levels ............................................................................. 16The problem with plastic packaging .....................................................17Case study ...................................................................................... 18The relevance of agri-food exports ........................................................19Current packaging in the cocoa exports ................................................20Barriers and enablers to trade and international collaboration...............20Plastic substitution and alternatives in packaging .................................21Circular economy business opportunities for supply chains exportingfood................................................................................................. 28Key findings and policy recommendations...................................... 28 Chapter III Fishing nets and fishing gear......................................................... 31 Marine plastic pollution ..........................................................