区域经济不平等：挑战与机遇

Ruth CurticeChief Executive, Resolution Foundation Agenda 1.Stock take of regional economic inequalities2.Policy priorities going forward Regional inequality: the good, the badand the ugly The good: employment gaps have shrunk Employment rates at different points of the distributionacross local authorities: UK The good: pay gaps have shrunk thanks to a rising pay floor Coefficient of variation at different points of the hourly pay distribution across travel-to-work-areas: UK Wage gaps havecome down,primarily at thebottom of the paydistribution, thanksto a risingminimum wage. And the minimumwage has ‘spillover’effects further upthe pay distribution-playing a role evenin reducing medianpay gaps. Place effects explain about 1/3 of regional earnings inequalityVariance decomposition of log earnings across travel-to-work-areas, using different methods: GB / EnglandThis chart shows the The bad: income gaps are large and stubborn Coefficient of variation of income per capita (GDHI cash measure), across local authorities and nations andregions: UK The amount ofspatial inequalityhas broadly stayedthe same over this26-yearperiod. The bad: productivity gaps are stubborn Output per worker compared to whole UK (= 1) in metro and non-metro areas: 2002 (horizontal axis) and 2023(vertical axis) The ugly: poor-performing areas have tended to remained so Proportion of local authorities staying or moving income per-head quintiles: UK, 1997-2023Output per workercompared to whole UK (=1) in metro and non-metro areas: 2002 and 2023 This story of lowand highperforming areasremaining so is truefor a range ofmeasures of livingstandards–includingemployment, pay,incomes andproductivity. Policy priorities going forward Policy priorities going forward NEETs policy:•Expand mental health provision. •Greater (and highly personalised) engagement withDWP.•Boost FE funding.•Prioritise apprenticeship funding forunder-25s. Regional inequality:•Targeted investment in transport and housing.•Focus on our secondcities. IsManchesterism the answer? Change in real gross disposable income (GDHI) per head since 1997, UK ‘core cities’ IsManchesterism the answer? Not quite… Change in real gross disposable income (GDHI) per head since 1997 across Greater Manchester (GM) and realGDHI in 2023 across UK ‘core cities’Manchester has seen substantially moregrowth in GDHIbetween 1997 to 2023than all other GreaterManchester areas. Closing regional gaps demands substantial commitment Narrowing thesedeeply entrenchedgaps will requireserious, sustainedinvestment, focusedon boosting Britain’ssecond cities. Spending on infrastructure and business support: UK and Germany, 2003 and 2022 In 2022, totalcommitted spending inthe UK oninfrastructure andbusiness supportbroadly aimed atlevelling up, amountsto around roughly £4.3billion annually, whileGermany spent morethan £27 billion in 2003on equivalentcategories in its post-reunification project. Regional economic inequalities:challenges and opportunities Ruth CurticeChief Executive, Resolution Foundation