中东和北非的气候与发展

Table of contents 3538414547495153555762Water SecurityAgriculture and food securityBiodiversity and ecosystemsCoastal and Marine ProtectionUrban ResilienceDisaster Risk ReductionMeans of ImplementationConclusion05Foreword0608101216192225283033Executive summaryScope and approachRole of the MENA region at a global stageMENA regional contextBioenergyNuclear EnergyTechnological Carbon Dioxide RemovalRenewablesEnergy EfficiencyHydrogenCCUSElectrificationLow Carbon HydrocarbonsNatural SinksAdaptation prioritiesMitigation measures and technologies1544References63 List of Abbreviations Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and StorageBiennial Transparency ReportsBiennial Update ReportsCorporate Average Fuel EconomyCircular Carbon EconomyCarbon Contracts For DifferenceCarbon Capture and StorageCarbon Capture, Utilization, and StorageClean Energy MinisterialCompressed Natural GasCarbon DioxideConcentrated Solar PowerDirect Air CaptureDirect Air Capture with StorageEnvironmental, Social and GovernanceEnhanced Transparency FrameworkElectric VehiclesEarly-WarningGulf Cooperation CouncilGreen Climate FinanceGreen Climate Finance CenterGross Domestic ProductGeographic Information SystemHigh-Voltage Direct CurrentInternational Atomic Energy AgencyImproved Common Transparency and UnderstandingInternational Energy AgencyInternational Energy ForumIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIndependent Power ProducerInternational Renewable Energy AgencyInternationally Recognized Mitigation OutcomesJoint Organizations Data InitiativeLevelized Cost of EnergyLiquefied Natural-GasLiquefied Petroleum GasMiddle East and North AfricaMiddle East Green InitiativeMulti-Hazard Early Warning SystemsMemoranda of UnderstandingMonitoring, Reporting, and VerificationNationally Determined ContributionOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting CountriesPublic Private PartnershipResearch and DevelopmentRelative Sea-Level RiseSustainable Aviation FuelsSmall Modular ReactorsTechnological Carbon Dioxide RemovalUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeWeighted Average Cost of Capital BECCSBTRsBURsCAFÉCCECCFDsCCSCCUSCEMCNGCO₂CSPDACDACCSESGETFEVsEWGCCGCFGCFCGDPGISHVDCIAEAICTUIEAIEFIPCCIPPIRENAITMOsJODILCOELNGLPGMENAMGIMHEWSMOUsMRVNDCOPECPPPR&DRSLRSAFSMRsTech CDRUNFCCCWACC Foreword TheIEF Progress Report for MENA NDCs(NationallyDetermined Contributions) and Climate Action presents anintegrated overview of the region’s climate progress andemergingpriorities.Drawingfromcountries’officialsubmissions to the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC) and national strategies, thereport reflects on how the countries within the Middle Eastand North Africa (MENA) region are advancing toward thesharedgoals of the Paris Agreement.It provides anevidence-based foundation for understanding the trajectoryof climate ambition across the region and the enablers thatwill shape its next phase of action. Similar advances in climate adaptation are improving foodandwater security,protecting coasts and cities,andrestoringecosystems through large-scale nature-basedsolutions such as mangrove and land rehabilitation, andafforestation. Together, these measures reflect a growingmomentum to intersect national development agendas withlower-emissions and climate-resilient growth. Yet, the pace and depth of progress remain closely tied tothe means of implementation that underpin every nationaleffort. Many targets and actions depend on strengthenedaccess to finance, technology, and capacity building. The region stands at a unique intersection of opportunityandconstraint.It possesses tremendous diverse energyresources, ranging from renewable sources to hydrocarbonreserves, that position it as a key player in reliable andaffordable global energy transitions. At the same time, itfacesacute challenges of extreme water stress anddroughts, rising temperatures, and rapidly growing urbanpopulations. These pressures unfold alongside economiesthatare still shaped by energy-intensive developmentpatterns. Such conditions demand a deliberate approach toclimate action that safeguards energy security, maintainsaffordability, and builds resilience while driving emissionsreduction.Climate policy in MENA is therefore not onlycenteredon mitigation and adaptation,but also onredefining long-term economic and social resilience amidaccelerating just transitions, including within the context ofthe Middle East Green Initiative (MGI) and through dialogueand collaboration in various international energy platformsincluding the International Energy Forum (IEF) and CleanEnergy Ministerial (CEM). These conditionalities highlight the importance of creatingsupportiveenvironments for investment and innovation,guided by clear policy frameworks, robust data systems, andinstitutionalcoordination.Expandingregionalandinternational cooperation, including throughthe IEF andMGIplatforms can further unlock opportunities forknowledge exchange, technology transfer, and sustainablefinancing, enabling cou