大型海洋保护区简报BRIEFING ON LARGE-SCALE MPA CCAMLR海洋保护区:规则架构、结构性挑战与制度能力 CCAMLR Marine Protected Areas:Regulatory Architecture, StructuralChallenges, and Institutional Capacity 目录Contents 执 行 摘 要 尽 管 已 经 设 立 了 两 个 海 洋 保 护 区(Marine ProtectedAreas, MPAs),源于海洋保护区定义这样的原则性问题依然会出现在南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)的谈判中。作为国家管辖外海域保护区建设的先驱,CCAMLR 在 2009 年 2016 年相继设立了南奥克尼群岛南大陆架保护区和罗斯海区域保护区。然而,一些制度性的问题依然困扰着 CCAMLR 的海洋保护区谈判。近十年来,尽管新的保护区提案不断涌现,但是却没有就设立保护区形成新的共识。反而一些基本的问题,例如海洋保护区的定义,还会被拿出来讨论。即使新生效的联合国《国家管辖外海域生物性协定》(《BBNJ 协定》)里已经包括一个基于全球共识的海洋保护区定义,CCAMLR的关于保护区定义的讨论依然在继续。本文基于国际环境制度理论,结合国际制度有效性研究框架,通过解析CCAMLR 海洋保护区的制度背景、运行机制及其面临的结构性挑战,对其制度属性和问题困境进行全面的阐述。 与政治谈判双重程序;其三,多数拟议保护区与南极领土主张在地理空间上存在对应关系,使相关讨论不可避免地带有地缘政治色彩。 通过回顾 CCAMLR 海洋保护区的发展历程,本文发现,自 2004 年正式启动相关工作以来,CCAMLR 虽然建立了海洋保护区总体框架,并于 2009 年和 2016 年分别设立南奥克尼群岛南部大陆架海洋保护区和罗斯海区域海洋保护区,但在东南极、威德尔海和西南极半岛等大型海洋保护区提案上长期未能达成一致。尤其自 2012 年以来,海洋保护区已成为 CCAMLR 内部最具争议性的议题之一。 基于国际制度有效性理论,本文认为,CCAMLR 海洋保护区困境主要源于“问题结构”与“制度能力”之间的张力。首先,海洋保护区问题相较传统渔业管理具有更高的困难程度。部分成员国将 CCAMLR 视为渔业管理制度,对空间性限制措施存在结构性抵触;而支持保护区的成员则强调生态系统养护与全球公共利益。由于相关争议涉及价值观与长期利益分配,因此比传统捕捞限额谈判更难妥协。其次,南极海洋生态系统本身具有高度科学不确定性,气候变化进一步增加了保护效果与成本收益分配的不确定性。与此同时,虽然 CCAMLR 在科学能力、制度建设、监测执法和利益相关方参与等方面持续提升制度能力,但这些能力提升尚不足以完全弥合成员间的政治分歧。 CCAMLR 中的海洋保护区并非孤立存在的保护概念,而是一项嵌入《南极条约》体系、《联合国海洋法公约》(UNCLOS)以及联合国粮食及农业组织(以下或简称粮农组织)渔业治理框架中的综合性政策工具。CCAMLR所推动的海洋保护区,本质上是依据《CAMLR 公约》第九条设立的“养护措施”,其合法性来源于 CCAMLR 广泛的生态系统养护授权,而不仅仅是传统意义上的渔业管理职能。作为兼具渔业管理与生态系统养护属性的国际制度,CCAMLR 建立了以科学委员会(SC-CAMLR)为核心、强调“最佳可得科学”的决策体系,并通过工作组、监测管制监督(MCS)机制、履约评估程序等制度安排,为海洋保护区的规划与执行提供支撑。与此同时,CCAMLR 实行协商一致决策机制,任何成员均拥有实质性否决权,这既强化了制度合法性,也提高了达成共识的难度。 CCAMLR 海洋保护区谈判的经验表明,国家管辖范围以外区域(ABNJ)的海洋保护区建设,不仅是科学和技术问题,更是价值观、利益结构与国际政治共同作用的结果。随着《〈联合国海洋法公约〉下国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定》(以下简称《BBNJ 协定》)即将进入实施阶段,全球公海海洋保护区建设也将迎来新的制度实践。CCAMLR 的经验与困境,为未来全球海洋保护区治理提供了重要启示:仅依靠科学共识并不足以推动保护区落地,制度设计、政治信任与多边合作意愿同样是决定制度有效性的关键因素。 作为一项养护措施,CCAMLR 海洋保护区具有若干鲜明特征:其一,保护区多为位于偏远海域的超大型海洋保护区,规划和执行成本极高;其二,海洋保护区本身属于 CCAMLR 养护措施体系的一部分,必须经过科学审查 Executive Summary Despite the establishment of two Marine ProtectedAreas (MPAs), fundamental issues stemming from thedefinition of an MPA continue to surface in negotiationswithin the Commission for the Conservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources (CCAMLR). As a pioneer inthe establishment of protected areas in areas beyondnational jurisdiction (ABNJ), CCAMLR designated theSouth Orkney Islands Southern Shelf MPA and theRoss Sea Region MPA in 2009 and 2016, respectively.However, several institutional issues continue toplague CCAMLR's MPA negotiations. Over the pastdecade, although new MPA proposals have emergedcontinuously, no new consensus has been reached ontheir establishment. Instead, fundamental questions,such as the definition of an MPA, are frequently revisitedin discussion. Even though the newly effective UnitedNations Agreement on Marine Biodiversity in AreasBeyond National Jurisdiction (the BBNJ Agreement)includes a definition of MPA that reflects an updatedglobal consensus, discussions regarding the definitionwithin CCAMLR persist. Based on internationalenvironmental regime theory and integrated withthe research framework of international institutionaleffectiveness, we provide a comprehensive expositionof CCAMLR's institutional attributes and dilemmas byanalyzing its institutional background, operationalmechanisms, and the structural challenges it faces. narrow fisheries management function alone. As aninternational regime combining fisheries managementand ecosystem conservation, CCAMLR has developeda science-based decision-making structure centeredon the Scientific Committee (SC-CAMLR) and guidedby the principle of “best available science.” Workinggroups, monitoring-control-surveillance (MCS)mechanisms, and compliance evaluation proceduresprovide institutional support for the planning andimplementation of MPAs. At the same time, CCAMLRoperates under a consensus-based decision-makingsystem in which every member effectively holds vetopower. While this enhances institutional legitimacy, italso significantly increases the difficulty of reachingan agreement. There are several defining characteristics of CCAMLRMPAs. First, they are typically remote, large-scale oreven ultra-large MPAs, making planning, monitoring,and enforcement extremely costly. Second, MPAsthemselves constitute conservation measures withinCCAMLR’s broader regulatory framework andtherefore must pass through both scientific review andpolitical negotiation processes. Third, many proposedMPAs geographically overlap with areas linked toAntarctic territorial claims, creating unavoidablegeopolitical sensitivities. MPAs in CCAMLR should not be understood as isolatedconservation concepts, but rather as comprehensivepolicy tools embedded within the broader institutionalframeworks of the Antarctic Treaty System, the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),and the fisheries governance regime under the Foodand Agriculture Organization (FAO). In legal andinstitutional terms, CCAMLR MPAs are conservationmeasures adopted pursuant to Ar