航班排放信息对消费者需求的影响：来自美国航空业的证据（英）2026

Nafisa Lohawala and Xuan Teng About the Authors Nafisa Lohawalais a fellow at Resources for the Future (RFF). She earned a PhDin economics at the University of Michigan after receiving a BS-MS dual degree ineconomics with a minor in computer science and engineering (algorithms) from theIndian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Lohawala’s research lies at the intersection of Xuan Tengis an assistant professor in the Department of Economics and an affiliateof ifo Institute with the Center for Economic Studies (CESifo) at the Ludwig MaximilianUniversity of Munich. Teng works on research in industrial organization, digital Acknowledgements We thank Lucie Bioret and Zach Whitlock for excellent research assistance, as well asthe conference and seminar participants at the International Industrial OrganizationConference (2025), University of Tennessee and Ludwig Maximilian University ofMunich for helpful feedback. We also thank the RFF development and communicationsteams, as well as the research staff, for their feedback and assistance in disseminating About RFF Resources for the Future (RFF) is an independent, nonprofit research institution inWashington, DC. Its mission is to improve environmental, energy, and natural resourcedecisions through impartial economic research and policy engagement. RFF iscommitted to being the most widely trusted source of research insights and policy Working papers are research materials circulated by their authors for purposes ofinformation and discussion. They have not necessarily undergone formal peer review.The views expressed here are those of the individual authors and may differ from those Sharing Our Work Our work is available for sharing and adaptation under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. Youcan copy and redistribute our material in any medium or format; you must giveappropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made,and you may not apply additional restrictions. You may do so in any reasonablemanner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, or Impact of Flight Emissions Information on Consumer Nafisa Lohawala†June 10, 2026 Abstract Flight-booking websites, such as Google Flights and Skyscanner, increasingly display esti-mated CO2emissions for flight itineraries, but little is known about whether this information affects booking decisions.We study how emissions disclosure affects consumers’ flight choicesusing US domestic flight data from 2018 to 2022 and a discrete-choice model and find that itincreases consumers’ sensitivity to flight emissions. In our preferred specification, the absolute Keywords:Willingness to pay, Carbon emissions disclosure, Discrete-choice model, AviationJEL codes:D12, D83, L93, Q58 1Introduction Commercial aviation has doubled its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions since the mid-1980s, making it one of the fastest-growing sources of climate impact.1 Google Flights and Skyscanner—now display estimated emissions alongside other flight details,aiming to nudge consumers toward lower-emission options (see Figure 1 for an example of thewebsite display).These disclosures make emissions a more visible and comparable attribute at We examine how emissions disclosures affect the emissions elasticity of flight demand in the USairline industry. To interpret the magnitude of the demand response, we also report the willingness to pay (WTP) for lower-emission flights implied by the estimated demand model, which we referto aseffectiveWTP.2To that end, we estimate a discrete-choice model in which consumers chooseamong flight options based on their attributes, using data on US domestic air travel from 2018 to Our identification strategy compares changes in the relative demand for itineraries with different emissions levels as disclosure expands over time, across markets with different levels of exposure to emissions-disclosing websites. The strategy leverages three sources of variation: (1) emissions acrossdifferent itineraries serving the same origin–destination pair in a given month, (2) disclosure eventsover time, and (3) the predisclosure popularity of disclosing websites across states.If emissionsdisclosures are effective, lower-emission flights should gain market share relative to higher-emission Our findings show that emissions disclosure increases consumers’ sensitivity to CO2 when choosing flights.In our preferred specification, the absolute value of emissions elasticity ofdemand increases from 0.23 in the predisclosure period (January 2018 to April 2019) to 0.28 in the postdisclosure period (May 2019 to December 2022), a roughly 22 percent increase in emissions sensitivity.3This effect is robust to the inclusion of various covariates, a rich set of fixed effects, andalternative measures of information exposure. To interpret the magnitude of