薪酬技能：亚太地区的数字技能需求和工资溢价（英）

Pawel Adrjan, Yusuke Aoki, Gabriele Ciminelli, Robin Döttling, and Sílvia Garcia-Mandicó ADB Economics Working Paper Series Skills That Pay: Digital Skills Demand and Wage Premia Pawel Adrjan, Yusuke Aoki, Gabriele Ciminelli,Robin Döttling, and Sílvia Garcia-Mandicó Pawel Adrjan (padrjan@indeed.com) is a seniordirector of Economic Research and Yusuke Aoki(yaoki@indeed.com) is an economist at Indeed.Gabriele Ciminelli (gciminelli@adb.org)is a senior economist and Sílvia Garcia-Mandicó(sgarciamandico@adb.org) is an economist at the No. 850 | June 2026 TheADB Economics Working Paper Seriespresents research in progress to elicit commentsand encourage debate on development issuesin Asia and the Pacific. The views expressedare those of the authors and do not necessarily © 2026 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 Some rights reserved. Published in 2026. ISSN 2313-6537 (print), 2313-6545 (PDF)Publication Stock No. WPS260253-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS260253-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use Note:In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars, “₹” refers to Indian rupees, “S$” refers to Singapore dollars, ABSTRACT We study the evolution of digital and artificial intelligence (AI) skill demand across six economiesin Asia and the Pacific between 2019 and 2024 using millions of online job postings from Indeedand a large language model to classify them by their required level of digital and AI proficiency.Digital skill requirements are widespread across the occupational distribution and have expandedmost rapidly in traditionally low and mid digital jobs, pointing to broad technological diffusion. Keywords:digital skills, artificial intelligence, online job postings, labor market, wage premium, JEL codes:C55, J24, J30, O15, O33 1INTRODUCTION How do digital and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies change the skills that firms demand ofworkers? Existing data make this difficult to assess. Most standard sources do not directlymeasure the skills firms seek, and available indicators often give only coarse proxies (e.g.,sectoral information and communications technology (ICT) intensity). Such measures obscurethe granular spread of digital skills across occupations. We address this measurement gap using Specifically,we distinguish between four levels of digital proficiency:none,basic,intermediate, and advanced. Basic digital skills include the routine use of email, office software,or simple data entry; intermediate skills involve more complex digital tools such as customerrelationship management (CRM) software, dashboards, advanced spreadsheets, or websitemaintenance;and advanced skills capture capabilities such as programming,AI,machine Thesemeasures are generated by processing each job description with a generativepre-trained transformer (GPT), GPT-4.1 mini, through a structured prompt designed to assess thelevel of digital and AI proficiency required. Our empirical analysis then exploits within-job title Our results reveal a widespread diffusion of digital skills across the occupational spectrum,suggesting that digital technologies are augmenting rather than simply replacing workers in a broadset of jobs. More than 85% of online job postings require at least basic digital literacy, while around30% demand intermediate digital skills and more than 10% require